A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.
Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution.
The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.
Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.
Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.
Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.
Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).
Learning to make a series of responses in exact order.
Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.
The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.
The use of animals as investigational subjects.
Institutional committees established to protect the welfare of animals used in research and education. The 1971 NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals introduced the policy that institutions using warm-blooded animals in projects supported by NIH grants either be accredited by a recognized professional laboratory animal accrediting body or establish its own committee to evaluate animal care; the Public Health Service adopted a policy in 1979 requiring such committees; and the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act mandate review and approval of federally funded research with animals by a formally designated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
'Laboratory animals' are non-human creatures that are intentionally used in scientific research, testing, and education settings to investigate physiological processes, evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs or medical devices, and teach anatomy, surgical techniques, and other healthcare-related skills.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
The moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. The rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals.
Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community.

Improving social interaction in chronic psychotic using discriminated avoidance ("nagging"): experimental analysis and generalization. (1/2017)

Three social-interaction behaviors of a withdrawn chronic schizophrenic were increased using a discriminated avoidance ("nagging") procedure. The three behaviors were: (a) voice volume loud enough so that two-thirds of his speech was intellibible at a distance of 3m; (b) duration of speech of at least 15 sec; (c) placement of hands and elbows on the armrests of the chair in which he was sitting. "Nagging" consisted of verbal prompts to improve performance when the behaviors did not meet their criteria. A combined withdrawal and multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure, and the contingency was sequentially applied to each of the three behaviors in each of four different interactions to determine the degree of stimulus and response generalization. Results indicated that the contingency was the effective element in increasing the patient's appropriate performance, and that there was a high degree of stimulus generalization and a moderate degree of response generalization. After the patient's discharge from the hospital, the durability of improvement across time and setting was determined in followup sessions conducted at a day treatment center and at a residential care home. Volume and duration generalized well to the new settings, while arm placement extinguished immediately.  (+info)

Extinction of responding maintained by timeout from avoidance. (2/2017)

The resistance to extinction of lever pressing maintained by timeout from avoidance was examined. Rats were trained under a concurrent schedule in which responses on one lever postponed shock on a free-operant avoidance (Sidman) schedule (response-shock interval = 30 s) and responses on another lever produced 2 min of signaled timeout from avoidance on a variable-ratio 15 schedule. Following extended training (106 to 363 2-hr sessions), two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 two different methods of extinction were compared. In one session, all shocks were omitted, and there was some weakening of avoidance but little change in timeout responding. In another session, responding on the timeout lever was ineffective, and under these conditions timeout responding showed rapid extinction. The within-session patterns produced by extinction manipulations were different than the effects of drugs such as morphine, which also reduces timeout responding. In Experiment 2 shock was omitted for many consecutive sessions. Response rates on the avoidance lever declined relatively rapidly, with noticeable reductions within 5 to 10 sessions. Extinction of the timeout lever response was much slower than extinction of avoidance in all 4 rats, and 2 rats continued responding at baseline levels for more than 20 extinction sessions. These results show that lever pressing maintained by negative reinforcement can be highly resistant to extinction. The persistence of responding on the timeout lever after avoidance extinction is not readily explained by current theories.  (+info)

Blocking a selective association in pigeons. (3/2017)

Experiment 1 demonstrated for the first time a stimulus-reinforcer interaction in pigeons trained with free-operant multiple schedules of reinforcement. Pigeons that treadle pressed in the presence of a tone-light (TL) compound for food exhibited primarily visual stimulus control on a stimulus-element test, whereas pigeons that avoided shock in TL exhibited auditory control. In Experiment 2, this selective association was blocked in pigeons pretrained with the biologically contingency-disadvantage element of the compound (i.e., tone-food or light-shock) before TL training. When this pretraining preceded compound-stimulus training, control was now auditory in pigeons that treadle pressed for food and was visual in pigeons that avoided shock. Previous attempts at blocking this selective association were unsuccessful in pigeons (LoLordo, Jacobs, & Foree, 1982) but were successful in rats (Schindler & Weiss, 1985). Experiment 2 established that selective associations can be blocked in pigeons when the procedures that were effective with rats were systematically replicated. These results further demonstrate the cross-species generality of an associative attentional mechanism involving a biological constraint on learning in species with different dominant sensory systems.  (+info)

Effects of promazine, chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital on treadle pressing by pigeons under a signalled shock-postponement schedule. (4/2017)

The effects of promazine on treadle pressing to postpone the presentation of electric shock were studied in three pigeons. The effects of chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in two of these pigeons. Each treadle press postponed electric shock for 20 sec and presentation of a preshock stimulus for 14 sec. Selected doses of both promazine and chlorpromazine increased the rates of treadle pressing in all birds. The response-rate increases produced by promazine and chlorpromazine were due to increased conditional probabilities of treadle pressing both before and during the preshock stimulus. d-Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) slightly increased responding in one of the birds, but not to the extent that promazine or chlorpromazine did. In the other bird, the 10 mg/kg dose of d-amphetamine increased shock rate but did not change response rate. Some doses of d-amphetamine increased the conditional probabilities of responding both in the absence of the preshock signal and during the preshock signal in both birds. Pentobarbital only decreased response rates and increased shock rates.  (+info)

Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (5/2017)

1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.  (+info)

Intrahippocampal infusion of interleukin-6 impairs avoidance learning in rats. (6/2017)

AIM: To study the effect of intrahippocampal infusion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on active avoidance in rats and the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO). METHODS: Using a shuttle-box model, the effects of bilaterally intrahippocampal infusion of IL-6 3.2, 16, and 80 ng as well as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 400 ng on active avoidance were studied on d 8 after administration. The levels of nitrite as an index of NO in the hippocampus were detected using a fluorometric assay 24 h after infusion of IL-6 3.2 or 80 ng. RESULTS: IL-6 16 and 80 ng impaired the acquisition performance of active avoidance by prolonging the latency of avoidance in training, but not the retention performance in testing. IL-680 ng and SNP 400 ng also resulted in a marked impairment in acquisition performances by decreasing the rate of avoidance, but not in retention performances. IL-680 ng markedly elevated the nitrite levels from 10.6 +/- 0.7 in control rats to 13.6 +/- 2.0 (nmol/g wet wt) (P < 0.01). IL-6 3.2 ng had no effect on active avoidance nor on nitrite levels. CONCLUSION: Intrahippocampal infusion of IL-6 impaired learning acquisition of active avoidance in rats.  (+info)

Behavioral changes and cholinesterase activity of rats acutely treated with propoxur. (7/2017)

Early assessment of neurological and behavioral effects is extremely valuable for early identification of intoxications because preventive measures can be taken against more severe or chronic toxic consequences. The time course of the effects of an oral dose of the anticholinesterase agent propoxur (8.3 mg/kg) was determined on behaviors displayed in the open-field and during an active avoidance task by rats and on blood and brain cholinesterase activity. Maximum inhibition of blood cholinesterase was observed within 30 min after administration of propoxur. The half-life of enzyme-activity recovery was estimated to be 208.6 min. Peak brain cholinesterase inhibition was also detected between 5 and 30 min of the pesticide administration, but the half-life for enzyme activity recovery was much shorter, in the range of 85 min. Within this same time interval of the enzyme effects, diminished motor and exploratory activities and decreased performance of animals in the active avoidance task were observed. Likewise, behavioral normalization after propoxur followed a time frame similar to that of brain cholinesterase. These data indicate that behavioral changes that occur during intoxication with low oral doses of propoxur may be dissociated from signs characteristic of cholinergic over-stimulation but accompany brain cholinesterase activity inhibition.  (+info)

Modeling geriatric depression in animals: biochemical and behavioral effects of olfactory bulbectomy in young versus aged rats. (8/2017)

Geriatric depression exhibits biological and therapeutic differences relative to early-onset depression. We studied olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), a paradigm that shares major features of human depression, in young versus aged rats to determine mechanisms underlying these differences. Young OBX rats showed locomotor hyperactivity and a loss of passive avoidance and tactile startle. In contrast, aged OBX animals maintained avoidance and startle responses but showed greater locomotor stimulation; the aged group also exhibited decreased grooming and suppressed feeding with novel presentation of chocolate milk, effects which were not seen in young OBX. These behavioral contrasts were accompanied by greater atrophy of the frontal/parietal cortex and midbrain in aged OBX. Serotonin transporter sites were increased in the cortex and hippocampus of young OBX rats, but were decreased in the aged OBX group. Cell signaling cascades also showed age-dependent effects, with increased adenylyl cyclase responses to monoaminergic stimulation in young OBX but no change or a decrease in aged OBX. These data indicate that there are biological distinctions in effects of OBX in young and aged animals, which, if present in geriatric depression, provide a mechanistic basis for differences in biological markers and drug responses. OBX may provide a useful animal model with which to test therapeutic interventions for geriatric depression.  (+info)

Avoidance learning is a type of conditioning in which an individual learns to act in a certain way to avoid experiencing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. It is a form of learning that occurs when an organism changes its behavior to avoid a negative outcome or situation. This can be seen in both animals and humans, and it is often studied in the field of psychology and neuroscience.

In avoidance learning, the individual learns to associate a particular cue or stimulus with the unpleasant experience. Over time, they learn to perform an action to escape or avoid the cue, thereby preventing the negative outcome from occurring. For example, if a rat receives an electric shock every time it hears a certain tone, it may eventually learn to press a lever to turn off the tone and avoid the shock.

Avoidance learning can be adaptive in some situations, as it allows individuals to avoid dangerous or harmful stimuli. However, it can also become maladaptive if it leads to excessive fear or anxiety, or if it interferes with an individual's ability to function in daily life. For example, a person who has been attacked may develop a phobia of public places and avoid them altogether, even though this limits their ability to engage in social activities and live a normal life.

In summary, avoidance learning is a type of conditioning in which an individual learns to act in a certain way to avoid experiencing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. It can be adaptive in some situations but can also become maladaptive if it leads to excessive fear or anxiety or interferes with daily functioning.

Electrolysis is a medical procedure that involves the use of electrical current to permanently remove hair growth. It works by passing a thin, solid metal electrode (called a probe) into the natural opening of the hair follicle and applying an electrical charge to destroy the hair root. This process can be used to remove hair from any part of the body, including the face, legs, arms, underarms, and bikini area.

During electrolysis, a trained professional called an electrologist inserts a small needle into the hair follicle and applies a mild electrical current. The current heats up and destroys the hair root, preventing future growth. Multiple treatments are usually necessary to achieve permanent hair removal, as only one or two hairs can be treated at a time.

Electrolysis is considered a safe and effective method for permanent hair removal, but it can cause some discomfort during and after treatment. Common side effects include redness, swelling, and tenderness in the treated area. These side effects typically resolve within a few hours to a few days after treatment.

It's important to note that electrolysis should only be performed by a licensed and trained electrologist. Improper technique can cause scarring, infection, or other complications. Before undergoing electrolysis, it's recommended to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare provider to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Electroshock, also known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is a medical procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain to treat certain mental health conditions. It is primarily used to treat severe forms of depression that have not responded to other treatments, and it may also be used to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

During an ECT procedure, electrodes are placed on the patient's head, and a carefully controlled electric current is passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a seizure. The patient is under general anesthesia and given muscle relaxants to prevent physical injury from the seizure.

ECT is typically administered in a series of treatments, usually two or three times a week for several weeks. While the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, ECT is thought to affect brain chemistry and help regulate mood and other symptoms. It is generally considered a safe and effective treatment option for certain mental health conditions when other treatments have failed. However, it can have side effects, including short-term memory loss and confusion, and it may not be appropriate for everyone.

Maze learning is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is often used in the field of neuroscience and psychology. It refers to the process by which an animal or human learns to navigate through a complex environment, such as a maze, in order to find its way to a goal or target.

Maze learning involves several cognitive processes, including spatial memory, learning, and problem-solving. As animals or humans navigate through the maze, they encode information about the location of the goal and the various landmarks within the environment. This information is then used to form a cognitive map that allows them to navigate more efficiently in subsequent trials.

Maze learning has been widely used as a tool for studying learning and memory processes in both animals and humans. For example, researchers may use maze learning tasks to investigate the effects of brain damage or disease on cognitive function, or to evaluate the efficacy of various drugs or interventions for improving cognitive performance.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

In the context of medical and clinical neuroscience, memory is defined as the brain's ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information or experiences. Memory is a complex cognitive process that involves several interconnected regions of the brain and can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as duration and the nature of the information being remembered.

The major types of memory include:

1. Sensory memory: The shortest form of memory, responsible for holding incoming sensory information for a brief period (less than a second to several seconds) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or discarded.
2. Short-term memory (also called working memory): A temporary storage system that allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for approximately 20-30 seconds, although this duration can be extended through rehearsal strategies. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically thought to be around 7±2 items.
3. Long-term memory: The memory system responsible for storing large amounts of information over extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity compared to short-term memory and is divided into two main categories: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.

Explicit (declarative) memory can be further divided into episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts, and semantic memory, which refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and vocabulary, independent of personal experience or context.

Implicit (non-declarative) memory encompasses various forms of learning that do not require conscious awareness or intention, such as procedural memory (skills and habits), priming (facilitated processing of related stimuli), classical conditioning (associative learning), and habituation (reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli).

Memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition and plays a significant role in various aspects of daily life, including learning, problem-solving, decision-making, social interactions, and personal identity. Memory dysfunction can result from various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to an association between them. This concept was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in his studies on classical conditioning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In classical conditioning, there are typically two types of stimuli involved: the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS). The US is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, known as the unconditioned response (UR), in an organism. For example, food is an US that triggers salivation, which is the UR, in dogs.

The NS, on the other hand, is a stimulus that does not initially trigger any response in the organism. However, when the NS is repeatedly paired with the US, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CR is similar to the UR but is triggered by the CS instead of the US.

For example, if Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (NS) just before presenting food (US) to a dog, the dog would eventually start salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) even when food was not presented. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning has been widely studied and is believed to play a role in various physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and emotion regulation. It has also been used in various applications, including behavioral therapy and advertising.

In the context of mental health and psychology, "predatory behavior" is not a term that is commonly used as a medical diagnosis or condition. However, it generally refers to aggressive or exploitative behavior towards others with the intention of taking advantage of them for personal gain or pleasure. This could include various types of harmful behaviors such as sexual harassment, assault, stalking, bullying, or financial exploitation.

In some cases, predatory behavior may be associated with certain mental health conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, which are characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others. However, it's important to note that not all individuals who engage in predatory behavior have a mental health condition, and many people who do may not necessarily exhibit these behaviors.

If you or someone else is experiencing harm or exploitation, it's important to seek help from a trusted authority figure, such as a healthcare provider, law enforcement officer, or social worker.

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.

In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.

Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.

It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is not a medical term per se, but rather a teaching and learning approach that has been widely adopted in medical education. Here's a definition of PBL from the medical education perspective:

Problem-Based Learning is an educational method that utilizes clinical cases or real-world problems as a starting point for students to learn and apply concepts and principles from various disciplines. In this approach, students work in small groups to identify learning needs, gather relevant information, analyze and synthesize data, formulate hypotheses, develop solutions, and reflect on their learning process. The role of the instructor is that of a facilitator who guides the learners in their exploration of the problem and provides feedback on their performance. PBL aims to promote critical thinking, self-directed learning, collaborative skills, and clinical reasoning among medical students.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Discrimination learning is a type of learning in which an individual learns to distinguish between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each. It involves the ability to recognize the differences between similar stimuli and to respond appropriately based on the specific characteristics of each stimulus. This type of learning is important for many aspects of cognition, including perception, language, and problem-solving.

In discrimination learning, an individual may be presented with two or more stimuli and reinforced for responding differently to each. For example, a person might be trained to press a button in response to the color red and to do nothing in response to the color green. Through this process of differential reinforcement, the individual learns to discriminate between the two colors and to respond appropriately to each.

Discrimination learning is often studied in animals as well as humans, and it is thought to involve a range of cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and perception. It is an important aspect of many forms of learning and plays a role in a wide variety of behaviors.

Verbal learning is a type of learning that involves the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of information presented in a verbal or written form. It is often assessed through tasks such as list learning, where an individual is asked to remember a list of words or sentences after a single presentation or multiple repetitions. Verbal learning is an important aspect of cognitive functioning and is commonly evaluated in neuropsychological assessments to help identify any memory or learning impairments.

Reversal learning is a neuropsychological concept that refers to the ability to adjust behavioral responses when reward contingencies are changed or reversed. In other words, it is the capacity to learn and adapt to new rules when the previous ones no longer apply or are no longer reinforced. This cognitive process is often studied in animal models and human subjects using various learning paradigms, such as classical or operant conditioning tasks.

In a typical reversal learning task, a subject is initially trained to associate a particular stimulus (e.g., visual cue, sound, or action) with a reward (e.g., food or water). Once the subject has learned this association and responds consistently to the stimulus, the reinforcement contingency is reversed, so that the previously reinforced stimulus is now unreinforced, and the previously unreinforced stimulus is now reinforced. The subject must then learn and adapt to this new reward contingency.

Reversal learning involves several cognitive processes, including attention, memory, motivation, and executive functions. It requires the ability to inhibit a previously learned response, update working memory with new information, and flexibly adjust behavior based on changing environmental demands. Deficits in reversal learning have been observed in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders, suggesting that this cognitive process may be a useful marker of brain dysfunction in these conditions.

Serial learning is a form of learning in which new information or skills are acquired and organized in a sequential manner, with each piece of information building on the previous one. In other words, it involves learning items or concepts one at a time, in a specific order, rather than all at once. This type of learning is often used in situations where the material to be learned has a clear sequence, such as learning the alphabet, numbers, or days of the week.

In a medical context, serial learning may be used to teach complex medical procedures or concepts that have multiple steps or components. For example, a medical student may learn how to perform a physical examination by first learning how to take a patient's vital signs, then moving on to inspecting various parts of the body in a specific order. Through repeated practice and reinforcement, the student gradually builds up a sequence of skills and knowledge that becomes integrated into their long-term memory.

It is worth noting that some individuals may find serial learning more challenging than other forms of learning, particularly if they have difficulty with sequential processing or working memory limitations. Therefore, individualized instruction and accommodations may be necessary to support learners who struggle with serial learning tasks.

An "escape reaction" is a behavioral response displayed by an organism when it attempts to escape from a harmful, noxious, or stressful stimulus or situation. This response is typically characterized by rapid and directed movement away from the source of discomfort or danger. It is a fundamental survival mechanism that is observed across many species, including humans.

In a medical context, an escape reaction may be observed in response to painful medical procedures or treatments. For example, a patient may try to move or pull away during an injection or other invasive procedure. Healthcare providers must be aware of and prepared to manage escape reactions to ensure the safety and comfort of their patients during medical procedures.

Animal welfare is a concept that refers to the state of an animal's physical and mental health, comfort, and ability to express normal behaviors. It encompasses factors such as proper nutrition, housing, handling, care, treatment, and protection from harm and distress. The goal of animal welfare is to ensure that animals are treated with respect and consideration, and that their needs and interests are met in a responsible and ethical manner.

The concept of animal welfare is based on the recognition that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and emotions, and that they have intrinsic value beyond their usefulness to humans. It is guided by principles such as the "Five Freedoms," which include freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress.

Animal welfare is an important consideration in various fields, including agriculture, research, conservation, entertainment, and companionship. It involves a multidisciplinary approach that draws on knowledge from biology, ethology, veterinary medicine, psychology, philosophy, and law. Ultimately, animal welfare aims to promote the humane treatment of animals and to ensure their well-being in all aspects of their lives.

Animal experimentation, also known as animal testing, refers to the use of non-human animals in scientific research and testing to understand the effects of various substances, treatments, or procedures on living organisms. This practice is performed with the goal of advancing medical and veterinary knowledge, developing new medications, treatments, and surgical techniques, as well as studying basic biological processes and diseases.

In animal experimentation, researchers expose animals to specific conditions, treatments, or substances and then analyze their responses, behaviors, physiological changes, or other outcomes. The selection of animal species for these experiments depends on the research question and the similarities between the animal model and the human or target species under investigation. Commonly used animals include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, primates, and dogs.

Animal experimentation has been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs and medical advancements throughout history. However, it remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding the treatment and welfare of animals used in research. Many organizations advocate for the reduction, refinement, or replacement (3Rs) of animal testing, aiming to minimize animal suffering and find alternative methods whenever possible.

Animal Care Committees (ACCs), also known as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) in the United States, are committees required by regulations to oversee the humane treatment and use of animals in research and teaching at institutions such as universities, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies.

The main responsibilities of ACCs include reviewing and approving animal use protocols, inspecting animal facilities and laboratories, ensuring compliance with relevant policies and regulations, and providing training and education to researchers and staff on the ethical treatment of animals. The members of ACCs typically include veterinarians, scientists, non-scientists, and community members who can provide a balanced perspective on the use of animals in research and teaching.

'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.

The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.

The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

"Animal rights" is a term that refers to the philosophical and moral stance that non-human animals have inherent value and basic rights to live free from exploitation, harm, and unnecessary suffering. This perspective holds that animals are not merely property or resources for human use, but sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain, just like humans.

The concept of animal rights is often associated with the abolitionist movement, which advocates for an end to all forms of animal exploitation, including farming, hunting, fishing, entertainment, experimentation, and clothing production. Instead, proponents of animal rights argue that animals should be treated with respect and compassion, and that their interests and well-being should be considered on par with those of humans.

It is important to note that the concept of animal rights can vary in scope and specifics, with some advocates focusing on certain species or issues, while others take a more comprehensive approach. Ultimately, the goal of the animal rights movement is to promote a more just and equitable relationship between humans and animals, based on respect for their inherent worth and dignity.

"Social welfare" is a broad concept and not a medical term per se, but it is often discussed in the context of public health and medical social work. Here's a definition related to those fields:

Social welfare refers to the programs, services, and benefits provided by governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote the well-being of individuals, families, and communities, with a particular focus on meeting basic needs, protecting vulnerable populations, and enhancing social and economic opportunities. These efforts aim to improve overall quality of life, reduce health disparities, and strengthen the social determinants of health.

Examples of social welfare programs include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Medicaid, Section 8 housing assistance, and various community-based services such as mental health counseling, substance abuse treatment, and home healthcare.

In the medical field, social workers often play a crucial role in connecting patients to available social welfare resources to address various psychosocial needs that can impact their health outcomes.

... therefore presenting an avoidance response. This format does not use Pavlovian learning to condition avoidance responses. In ... leading psychologists and neuroscientists to study how avoidance behaviors are learned using rat or mouse models. Avoidance ... After the training session the rats complete unsignaled avoidance learning (see above) for multiple days. As a test of ... This form of conditioning combines Pavlovian learning with unsignaled avoidance conditioning in order to test whether rats are ...
The avoidance response comes into play here when punishment is administered. An animal will presumably learn to avoid the ... Garcia, J (1996). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Foundations of animal behavior: Classic papers with ... Wynne, Solomon (1953). "TRAUMATIC AVOIDANCE LEARNING: THE OUTCOMES OF SEVERAL EXTINCTION PROCEDURES WITH DOGS". Skinner, B.F. ( ... Because the avoidance response is adaptive, humans have learned to use it in training animals such as dogs and horses. B.F. ...
... exhibiting avoidance learning; and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. In ... holding or autotomy Shows avoidance learning Shows trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational ... Magee, B. & Elwood, R.W. (2013). "Shock avoidance by discrimination learning in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) is consistent ... Robert W. Elwood & Barry Magee (2013). "Shock avoidance by discrimination learning in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) is ...
Kawai, Nobuyuki; Kono, Reiko; Sugimoto, Sanae (2004). "Avoidance learning in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) depends on the ... Bolles, Robert C. (1970). "Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning". Psychological Review. 77 (1): 32-48. doi ... In Evolution and Learning. Bolles RC, Beecher MD, Eds,; Earlbaum, Hillsdale NJ:185-211. Blanchard, DC; Blanchard, RJ (1969). " ... These behaviours are used to reduce the probability of having to exhibit avoidance behaviours, which are evoked when a predator ...
Bolles RC (1970). "Species-specific Defense Reactions and Avoidance Learning". Psychological Review. 77: 32-38. doi:10.1037/ ... Through observational learning, humans can learn to fear potentially dangerous objects-a reaction observed in other primates. A ... Although observational learning has proven effective in creating reactions of fear and phobias, it has also been shown that by ... The avoidance aspect is defined as behaviour that results in the omission of an aversive event that would otherwise occur, ...
Rats that lack the gene stathmin show no avoidance learning, or a lack of fear, and will often walk directly up to cats and be ... The avoidance learning of rats is seen as a conditioned response, and therefore the behavior can be unconditioned, as supported ... The rats showed signs of avoidance learning, not fear, but simply avoiding the area that brought pain to the test rats. ... Species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs) or avoidance learning in nature is the specific tendency to avoid certain threats or ...
Jouventin, P.; Pasteur, G.; Cambefort, J. P. (1977). "Observational Learning of Baboons and Avoidance of Mimics: Exploratory ... Proposed alternatives include observational learning and innate avoidance. These provide alternative explanations to Emsleyan ... But if a predator dies, it cannot learn to recognize a warning signal, e.g., bright colours in a certain pattern. In other ... Another possible mechanism is that a predator might not have to learn that a certain prey is harmful in the first place: it ...
Knauber J, Müller WE (March 2003). "Anseculin improves passive avoidance learning of aged mice". Pharmacological Research. 47 ( ...
... the complex learning associated with this response (see 'Learned Avoidance' below) suggests this view might be overly ... Kawai, N.; Kono, R.; Sugimoto, S. (2004). "Avoidance learning in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) depends on the predatory ... Denti, A.; Dimant, B.; Maldonado, H. (1988). "Passive avoidance learning in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus". Physiology & ... Fernandez-Duque, E.; Valeggia, C.; Maldonado, H. (1992). "Multitrial inhibitory avoidance learning in the crab Chasmagnathus". ...
"The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and Passive Avoidance Learning". Assessment. 13 (2): 197-207. doi:10.1177/1073191105284992. ... The honesty-humility factor from the HEXACO model of personality is used to measure sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and ... Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7637-7790-6. Campbell, W. Keith; Miller, Joshua D. ( ...
Johnsson, T.; Lavender, J. F.; Hultin, E.; Rasmussen Jr., A. F. (1963). "The Influence of Avoidance-Learning Stress on ... Rasmussen's 1957 paper Increased susceptibility to herpes simplex in mice subjected to avoidance-Learning stress or restraint, ... Antibody Response and Viral Retention During Avoidance Learning Stress". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 116 (3): 677-680. ... "Increased Susceptibility to Herpes Simplex in Mice Subjected to Avoidance-Learning Stress or Restraint". Experimental Biology ...
Khurana S, Abu Baker MB, Siddiqi O. (2009). Odour avoidance learning in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Biosci. 34: ...
"Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model For Sidman Avoidance Learning." Psychological Reports 55.1 (Aug. 1984): 291-295. ... Sidman's explanation of free-operant avoidance is an alternative to the Miller-Mowrer two-process theory of avoidance. ... "free-operant avoidance", in which an individual learns to avoid an aversive stimulus by remembering to produce the response ... Methodologically, a "Sidman avoidance procedure" is an experiment in which the subject is periodically presented with an ...
Chirelstein, Marvin A. (January 1968). "Learned Hand's Contribution to the Law of Tax Avoidance". Yale Law Journal. 77 (3): 440 ...
... exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. ... exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. ... holding or autotomy Shows avoidance learning Shows trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational ... Avoidance learning in octopuses has been known since 1905. Noxious stimuli, for example electric shocks, have been used as " ...
ISBN 0-478-14065-7. Laska, M.; Metzker, K. (1998). "Food avoidance learning in squirrel monkeys and common marmosets". Learn. ... The nematode C. elegans was shown to learn and transmit to their offspring avoidance after exposure to non-coding RNA of a ... However, illness was not necessarily prerequisite for food avoidance learning in these species, for highly concentrated but non ... elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance". Nature. 586 (7829): 445-451. Bibcode:2020Natur.586 ...
20 (1). Rozin, P; Kalat, J (1971). "Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning". ... These birds have learned to eat only the tongue of the toad, leaving the rest of the carcass behind. In this way, the raptors ... This form of learning has been observed to occur in native anurophagous predators when the ill-effects caused by consuming a ... This learnt behaviour has been observed in predators that are more resistant to the cane toad's toxins including birds and ...
Cheney, Karen (27 February 2008). "The role of avoidance learning in an aggressive mimicry system". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (3 ... In both cases, the host fish can rarely or never learn the disguise of the mimic; the fact that A. taeniatus can be easily ...
Noboa, Vanessa; Gillette, Rhanor (2013). "Selective prey avoidance learning in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea ... from their chemical receptors lined along the anterior edge of their veil for localized feeding and have aposematic learning to ...
Scientists explain a mechanism by which C. elegans learns and inherits pathogenic avoidance after exposure to a single non- ... elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance". Nature. 586 (7829): 445-451. Bibcode:2020Natur.586 ... They used deep learning to identify design-rules. 27 July - A new AI algorithm by the University of Pittsburgh achieves the ... "Machine learning reveals recipe for building artificial proteins". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020. Russ, William P.; ...
"Inhibitory learning of phototaxis by honeybees in a passive-avoidance task". Learning & Memory. 26 (10): 412-423. doi:10.1101/ ... Learning & memory 19 (2), 54-66. doi: 10.1101/lm.024711.111. Devaud JM, Papouin T, Carcaud J, Sandoz JC, Grünewald B, Giurfa M ... His work has led to the establishment of virtual reality scenarios for honey bees in which he studies their visual learning and ... Devaud, JM; Papouin T; Carcaud J; Sandoz JC; Grunewald B; Giurfa M (2015). "Neural substrate for higher-order learning in an ...
C. elegans was shown to learn and inherit pathogenic avoidance after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a bacterial ... elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance". Nature. 586 (7829): 445-451. Bibcode:2020Natur.586 ... Prader-Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target ...
... elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance". Nature. 586 (7829): 445-451. Bibcode:2020Natur.586 ... "Machine learning reveals recipe for building artificial proteins". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020. Russ, William P.; ... Researchers report a deep learning approach to identify gene regulation at the single-cell level, which previously had been ... "UCI researchers use deep learning to identify gene regulation at single-cell level". University of California, Irvine. 5 ...
May 2015). "Histamine in the basolateral amygdala promotes inhibitory avoidance learning independently of hippocampus". ... α-FMH administration has been shown to cause impairments in long-term memory and learning. Additionally, injection of α-FMH has ...
2007). "Avoidance of aposematic prey in European tits (Paridae): learned or innate?". Behavioral Ecology. 18 (1): 148-156. doi: ... avoidance of distinctive prey is selected by predators. Concurrent reciprocal selection (CRS) may entail learning by predators ... Siddall, Emma C.; Marples, Nicola M. (2008-01-22). "Better to be bimodal: the interaction of color and odor on learning and ... By mimicking similarly coloured species, the warning signal to predators is shared, causing them to learn more quickly at less ...
"Basolateral amygdaloid multi-unit neuronal correlates of discriminative avoidance learning in rabbits". Brain Research. 549 (2 ... as well as defining the role for the hippocampus in contextual learning and memory. Maren joined the faculty of University of ... and amygdala that are involved in the expression and extinction of learned fear responses. Maren obtained his undergraduate ... the activity of basolateral amygdala neurons during this form of learning. He obtained his PhD in Biological Sciences ( ...
During his time at Harvard University, Solomon conducted research into avoidance learning. In his experiments, he placed dogs ... Eventually, the dogs learned to avoid shock entirely by running to the other side in the interval between lighting and ...
Ryker, Lee C. (1994). "Male Avoidance of Female Rejection: Learning in Tropisternus Solier Water Beetles (Coleoptera: ... In response to the rejection maneuvers of the female, male T. ellipticus will mimic the buzzing and shaking, often learning ... Resetarits, William J. (September 2001). "Colonization under threat of predation: avoidance of fish by an aquatic beetle, ...
... using an avoidance learning task. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87: 343-354. Reebs, S.G. (2011) Tool use in fishes ... This is variously called observational learning, cultural transmission, or social learning. For example, fish can learn a ... Through social learning, fishes might learn not only where to get food, but also what to get and how to get it. Hatchery-raised ... Fishes can also learn from others the identity of predatory species. Fathead minnows, for example, can learn the smell of a ...
Dikman ZV, Allen JJ (January 2000). "Error monitoring during reward and avoidance learning in high- and low-socialized ... This position has been elaborated into a reinforcement learning account of the ERN, arguing that both the rERN and the fERN are ... Holroyd CB, Coles MG (October 2002). "The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the ...
... therefore presenting an avoidance response. This format does not use Pavlovian learning to condition avoidance responses. In ... leading psychologists and neuroscientists to study how avoidance behaviors are learned using rat or mouse models. Avoidance ... After the training session the rats complete unsignaled avoidance learning (see above) for multiple days. As a test of ... This form of conditioning combines Pavlovian learning with unsignaled avoidance conditioning in order to test whether rats are ...
Senior/Staff Machine Learning Engineer - Collision Avoidance System. Foster City, CA /. Software - Collision Avoidance System / ... Experience with training and deploying Deep Learning models. *Experience with production Machine Learning pipelines: dataset ... The Collision Avoidance System (CAS) is responsible for detecting and reacting to imminent collision situations in support of ... Sitting at the intersection of robotics, machine learning, and design, Zoox aims to provide the next generation of mobility-as- ...
... role of biogenic amines in aversive learning in the honey bee as modeled in a novel non-appetitive avoidance learning assay. ... on avoidance learning. In this new protocol non-harnessed bees associate a spatial color cue with mild electric shock ... Intrinsic aspects of avoidance conditioning are associated with natural behavior of bees such as punishment (lack of food, ... We utilized the honey bee model and a newly developed spatial avoidance conditioning assay to probe effects of biogenic amines ...
Interest in instrumental learning in earthworms dates back to 1912 when Yerkes concluded that they can learn a spatial ... We revisit the question of instrumental learning in the earthworm with an attempt to demonstrate escape and avoidance learning ... Escape and avoidance learning in the earthworm Eisenia hortensis W. Jeffrey Wilson​, Nicole C. Ferrara, Amanda L. Blaker, ... Learning, Escape, Avoidance, Invertebrate behavior, Earthworm, Conditioning Copyright. © 2014 Wilson et al. Licence. This is an ...
Tan, C. Y. (2022). Dynamic obstacle avoidance in mobile robots using adversarial deep learning. Final Year Project (FYP), ... This entails robots that are able to respond within human reaction time to do obstacle avoidance and have an understanding of ... The proposed solution is to develop an adversarial deep learning-trained neural network model that can navigate to goals as far ... A robot agent will learn based on information of the goals whereabouts, its own movement speed, collision sensor, and laser ...
These results reveal a set of distinct mechanisms that mediate generalization in avoidance learning, and show how specific ... we use reinforcement learning modelling to dissect out different contributions to the generalization of instrumental avoidance ... However, over-generalization, resulting in excessive and inappropriate avoidance, has been implicated in a variety of ... in two groups of human volunteers (N = 26, N = 482). We found that generalization of avoidance could be parsed into perceptual ...
... Home/ Is Tax Avoidance Warranted?- Read to Learn ... Is Tax Avoidance Warranted?- Read to Learn. 30March. adminTax LawsHiring a tax lawyer, Tax avoidance, Tax defense lawyer, tax ...
Chida Y, Sudo N, Mori J, Kubo C. Social isolation stress impairs passive avoidance learning in senescence-accelerated mouse ( ... Chida, Y., Sudo, N., Mori, J., & Kubo, C. (2006). Social isolation stress impairs passive avoidance learning in senescence- ... Chida, Y, Sudo, N, Mori, J & Kubo, C 2006, Social isolation stress impairs passive avoidance learning in senescence- ... Social isolation stress impairs passive avoidance learning in senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM). In: Brain Research. 2006 ; ...
Differential olfactory bulb contributions to baitshyness and place avoidance learning. Ralph L. Elkins, James Fraser, Steve H ... Differential olfactory bulb contributions to baitshyness and place avoidance learning. Physiology and Behavior. 1977 Jan 1;19(6 ... Elkins, RL, Fraser, J & Hobbs, SH 1977, Differential olfactory bulb contributions to baitshyness and place avoidance learning ... Differential olfactory bulb contributions to baitshyness and place avoidance learning. / Elkins, Ralph L.; Fraser, James; Hobbs ...
Degner, Mary, "Chlorpromazine and one trial learning of an avoidance response in mice." (1960). Summer and Academic Year ...
Learning scalable and efficient communication policies for multi-robot collision avoidance. Álvaro Serra-Gómez*, Hai Zhu, B.F. ... Learning scalable and efficient communication policies for multi-robot collision avoidance. / Serra-Gómez, Álvaro; Zhu, Hai; ... Learning scalable and efficient communication policies for multi-robot collision avoidance. In: Autonomous Robots. 2023. ... Learning scalable and efficient communication policies for multi-robot collision avoidance. Autonomous Robots. 2023. doi: ...
Want to learn more?. Download the white paper on mice avoidance learning! ... Timing and motor learning in locomotion. Despite evidence of the functional localization about different aspects of locomotion ... Mice need to be handled and trained, and are less suitable candidates for distinct learning tasks compared to rats. Mice are on ... in the cerebellar cortex, not much is known about the plasticity mechanisms that drive the timing and motor learning in ...
... administered during avoidance learning results in a delay of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR)1,2. We found ... ATTENTION has recently been focused on the effect of peptides on conditioned avoidance behaviour. It has been shown that ... administered during avoidance learning results in a delay of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR)1,2. We found ... DE WIED, D., BOHUS, B. Long Term and Short Term Effects on Retention of a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Rats by Treatment ...
... vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in learning and memory processes. These neurotransmitters are synthesized by ... Role of Paraventricular Nucleus in Acquisition and Retrieval of Memory and Learning in a Passive Avoidance Learning Task in ... Role of Paraventricular Nucleus in Acquisition and Retrieval of Memory and Learning in a Passive Avoidance Learning Task in ... Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the PVN may be involved in the retrieval of learning, whereas the given ...
COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 191, pp. 1-15, ... Luman Zhao, Myung-Il Roh, COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning, Ocean ... Luman Zhao, Myung-Il Roh, "COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning", Ocean ... we propose an efficient method to overcome multiship collision avoidance problems based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL ...
COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 191, pp. 1-15, ... Luman Zhao, Myung-Il Roh, COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning, Ocean ... Luman Zhao, Myung-Il Roh, "COLREGs-Compliant Multiship Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning", Ocean ... we propose an efficient method to overcome multiship collision avoidance problems based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL ...
LEARNING LOSS IN BIOLOGY THROUGH AVOIDANCE OF FIELD TRIP DUE TO INSECURITY AND COVID - 19 PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA Authors. * Titus ... Learning, Loss, Avoidance, Field-Trip, Biology, Insecurity, COVID-19 Abstract. Traditional field trip in Biology has been known ... Matthew, T., Passi, A. D., & Kontagora, M. N. (2022). LEARNING LOSS IN BIOLOGY THROUGH AVOIDANCE OF FIELD TRIP DUE TO ... 19 pandemic that has caused learners and educationists to avoid field trips and its consequent learning loss in Biology. ...
Hauser, T. U., Eldar, E., & Dolan, R. J. (2016). Neural mechanisms of harm-Avoidance learning a model for obsessive-compulsive ... Moutoussis, M., Bentall, R. P., Williams, J., & Dayan, P. (2008). A temporal difference account of avoidance learning. Network ... Varying sounds have been used in prior research as aversive stimuli to drive learning (Bacigalupo & Luck, 2018; Bauer et al., ... Liberman, L. C., Lipp, O. V, Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2006). Evidence for retarded extinction of aversive learning in ...
Wondering if you or your child might be showing signs of neurodivergence? Have you recently learned the term, Pathological ... Pathological Demand Avoidance? You might have been scrolling TikTok and thought, Hey.. thats me!. I offer psychological ... Wondering if you or your child might be showing signs of neurodivergence? Have you recently learned the term, ... Demand Avoidance? You might have been scrolling TikTok and thought, Hey.. thats me!. I offer psychological evaluations to ...
Learning Requires Avoidance: Can I Avoid Watching the Olympics?. As I type this, I can hear the opening ceremony of the 2006 ... Learning takes time. Learning requires that we NOT do something else. Just like a good business strategy forces a company to ... One obvious learning point is that cultural and individual differences exist in learning. The potty-training example is just an ... Will at Work Learning. Will Thalheimers research-based commentary on learning, performance, and the industry thereof.. ...
... that had lost their attribute as a threat signal via previous extinction learning. Here, we investigated whether such fear ... Traumatic avoidance learning: the principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility. Psychol Rev. 1954;61:353-85. ... The role of learning in threat imminence and defensive behaviors. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2018;24:44-9. ... In that, we aimed at making the experimental context as comparable as possible for all learning tasks, thus, minimizing ...
2006) Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biol 4:e233, ... 2007) Model-based fMRI and its application to reward learning and decision making. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1104:35-53, doi:10.1196/ ... 2007) Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Nat Neurosci 10:1020-1028, ... 2011) A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning. Nature 469:53-57, doi:10.1038/nature09588, pmid:21150898. ...
Kawaia, N.; Konob, R.; Sugimotob, S. Avoidance learning in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) depends on the predatory ... Fernandez-Duque, E.; Valeggia, C.; Maldonado, H. Multitrial inhibitory avoidance learning in the crab Chasmagnathus. Behav. ... Some avoidance of anthropomorphism is necessary, as misuse can undermine the science of sentience, however, complete avoidance ... Absolute avoidance would also mean that any traits found in both human and non-human animals would have to be labelled ...
Has anyone attempted to quantify learned net avoidance in fish?. Question. 14 answers ... I am interest if anyone has attempted to quantify, or has any evidence that fish can become accustomed to nets and learn to ...
... learning processes regarding the avoidance of electric shock. Introduction[edit]. B.F. Skinner was a well-known and influential ... approach-avoidance conflict, and avoidance-avoidance conflict) described by Kurt Lewin (1935) and can operationalize other ... punishment or ECS on passive avoidance learning". Physiology & Behavior. 18 (6): 1103-9. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(77)90018-X. PMID ... Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this ...
I was involved in the broad area of avoidance learning. I think PTSD is a subset of that but our patients are very avoidance. I ... I would say just another piece on this, that what we often see as a lot of avoidance learning in our patients. If we dont, ... So what Im saying is, you know, Im worried that the evidence is not all in and were not learning the paradigm lessons from ... Sign up to receive COCA Call Announcements, COCA Digest, COCA Learn, COCA Now, and other COCA resources by entering your email ...
Hauser, TU, Eldar, E, Dolan, RJ (2016 a). Neural mechanisms of harm-avoidance learning: a model for obsessive-compulsive ... We used reinforcement learning models and RPE signals to infer the learning mechanisms and to compare behavioural parameters ... Biases in estimating the balance between model-free and model-based learning systems due to model misspecification. Journal of ... Valerius, G, Lumpp, A, Kuelz, A-K, Freyer, T, Voderholzer, U (2008). Reversal learning as a neuropsychological indicator for ...
The furore surrounding dodgy tax avoidance schemes has taught us one very important lesson, says Bengt Saelensminde - you cant ... They sent an undercover journalist to a tax adviser to learn how the tax avoidance K2 scheme works. He posed as an affluent £ ... Whether youre rich or poor, you need to keep your eye on the ball and learn how to look after your own finances. ... So what if HMRC comes looking to retrospectively undo some of the more aggressive avoidance schemes? What if they want their ...
  • Have you recently learned the term, 'Pathological Demand Avoidance? (psychologytoday.com)
  • Find out about the features of a demand avoidant profile, including Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) and common issues that may occur at school. (eastsussex.gov.uk)
  • To demonstrate an avoidance response requires repeated reinforcement through instrumental conditioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we use reinforcement learning modelling to dissect out different contributions to the generalization of instrumental avoidance in two groups of human volunteers (N = 26, N = 482). (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we propose an efficient method to overcome multiship collision avoidance problems based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm by expanding our previous study (Zhao et al. (snu.ac.kr)
  • for example, "post-training reinforcement" refers to the provision of a stimulus (such as food) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth, detail, and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed. (wikipedia.org)
  • We used reinforcement learning models and RPE signals to infer the learning mechanisms and to compare behavioural parameters and neural RPE responses of the OCD patients with those of healthy matched controls. (cambridge.org)
  • In Analytics and AI group in Telenor Research we have been working across different problem domains such as networks, marketing, customer care, and IoT, with different types of data such as location data, CRM data, sensor data and text, and we use state of the art models such as deep learning and reinforcement learning. (ntnu.edu)
  • The Collision Avoidance System (CAS) is responsible for detecting and reacting to imminent collision situations in support of our vehicle's overall safety goals. (lever.co)
  • Developing a high-level autonomous collision avoidance system for ships that can operate in an unstructured and unpredictable environment is challenging. (snu.ac.kr)
  • In contrast, passive avoidance is the prevention of an aversive stimulus by withholding a behavior, which is usually demonstrated by placing a rat in a chamber with a raised platform in which refraining from stepping off the platform prevents a foot shock. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the age of 12 weeks, conditioning memory and spatial memory were evaluated by one-trial passive avoidance and Y-maze tests, respectively. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, endocrinological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that isolation stress elevated the serum corticosterone levels and inhibited the increase in c-Fos expression in the central amygdaloidal nucleus (CeA) that is required for conditioning memory during passive avoidance learning. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effects of PVN on memory acquisition and retrieval in a passive avoidance task. (ac.ir)
  • Agin V, Chichery R, Dickel L, Chichery MP (2006b) The 'prawn in the tube' procedure in the cuttlefish: Habituation or passive avoidance learning. (karger.com)
  • After that, rats are placed into avoidance chambers and presented with the CS for a short amount of time, during which they may shuttle through the opening, preventing the US from occurring, therefore presenting an avoidance response. (wikipedia.org)
  • This form of conditioning combines Pavlovian learning with unsignaled avoidance conditioning in order to test whether rats are able to transfer their learned behavioral response to a previously inescapable conditioned stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • First rats undergo traditional Pavlovain fear learning in which they are not able to escape or avoid the US shock following the CS tone. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the training session the rats complete unsignaled avoidance learning (see above) for multiple days. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a test of Pavlovian instrumental transfer, rats are placed into the same shuttle chambers as for unsignaled avoidance training and presented with the tone CS they received during the Pavlovian conditioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • In rats, the fear-motivated response is to freeze, so in both fear extinction and avoidance conditioning inhibition of the amygdala via the mPFC leads to more movement (shuttling) and less freezing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avoidance learning in rats devoid of telencephalon plus thalamus. (bvsalud.org)
  • An avoidance response is a natural adaptive behavior performed in response to danger. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neural circuit responsible for expressing signaled avoidance behavior is the same that controls extinction of fear responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's a learned behavior that comes as a reaction to the negative responses that someone has received. (psychcentral.com)
  • Inconsistent performance, incomplete assignments, disorganization, and behavior problems can be indicators of learning problems. (davidsongifted.org)
  • We review the evolution of this group's brains, learning ability and complex behavior. (karger.com)
  • However, over-generalization, resulting in excessive and inappropriate avoidance, has been implicated in a variety of psychological disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The problem of obstacle avoidance arises when a robot attempts path planning to generate a collision-free motion trajectory across a certain period. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • This entails robots that are able to respond within human reaction time to do obstacle avoidance and have an understanding of human movement and intentions. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • A Pybullet and ROS-integrated adversarial deep learning framework is developed for training an actual robot software on obstacle avoidance tasks. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Such neuroanatomical diversity implies that appropriately placed brain lesions might selectively influence one of these types of learning. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Excessive avoidance has been suggested to contribute to anxiety disorders, leading psychologists and neuroscientists to study how avoidance behaviors are learned using rat or mouse models. (wikipedia.org)
  • A robot agent will learn based on information of the goal's whereabouts, its own movement speed, collision sensor, and laser scanner, to output movement velocity. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • This paper presents an efficient communication method that addresses the problem of "when" and "with whom" to communicate in multi-robot collision avoidance scenarios. (tudelft.nl)
  • In this approach, each robot learns to reason about other robots' states and considers the risk of future collisions before asking for the trajectory plans of other robots. (tudelft.nl)
  • Avoidance learning is a type of operant conditioning (also known as instrumental conditioning). (wikipedia.org)
  • Interest in instrumental learning in earthworms dates back to 1912 when Yerkes concluded that they can learn a spatial discrimination in a T-maze. (peerj.com)
  • We examined a different form of instrumental learning: the ability to learn both to escape and to avoid an aversive stimulus. (peerj.com)
  • Since Yerkes' early work many studies examined this type of instrumental learning in worms with the similar rewards and punishment, most typically using Lumbricus terrestris , a large burrowing worm (c.f. (peerj.com)
  • After Rosenkoetter and Boice, interest in instrumental learning in the worm waned. (peerj.com)
  • We revisit the question of instrumental learning in the earthworm with an attempt to demonstrate escape and avoidance learning. (peerj.com)
  • The proposed solution is to develop an adversarial deep learning-trained neural network model that can navigate to goals as far as five meters while avoiding any potential obstacles, static and dynamic, that may come in the way. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • We introduce a new neural architecture for the learned communication policy which allows our method to be scalable. (tudelft.nl)
  • Such a response is considered active avoidance when it occurs prior to the stimulus presentation and prevents the stimulus from occurring. (wikipedia.org)
  • School avoidance occurs in about 5% of all school-aged children and affects girls and boys equally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We demonstrate that our policy (learned in a simulated environment) can be successfully transferred to real robots. (tudelft.nl)
  • We validate the proposed collision avoidance method in a variety of simulated scenarios with thorough performance evaluations, and demonstrate that the final DRL controller can obtain time efficient and collision-free paths for multiple ships. (snu.ac.kr)
  • They say the press has it all wrong and us plebs don't understand the difference between tax evasion (illegal) and tax avoidance (prudent financial planning). (moneyweek.com)
  • Tobacco tax avoidance and tax evasion. (who.int)
  • These results reveal a set of distinct mechanisms that mediate generalization in avoidance learning, and show how specific individual differences within them can yield anxiety. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Despite cumulative evidence showing the detrimental effect of psychosocial stress on the learning/memory functions in dementia diseases, the precise neurobiological mechanisms behind such an effect remain unclear. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Garcia and Ervin [14] hypothesized that neuroanatomically discrete associative mechanisms subserve illness-induced taste aversions and shock-motivated avoidance of telereceptive cues. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms causing these decision-making and learning deficits in OCD, and how they relate to dysfunction in fronto-striatal networks. (cambridge.org)
  • Early reports in nonhuman primates, which focused on dopamine neurons in those areas, found that the majority of these neurons exhibited response properties consistent with a predominantly selective involvement in appetitive learning ( Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1996 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • It has been shown that adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administered during avoidance learning results in a delay of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) 1,2 . (nature.com)
  • The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) mediates the inhibition of defensive responses upon encounters of cues, that had lost their attribute as a threat signal via previous extinction learning. (nature.com)
  • Given the adaptive value inherent in learning a response that reduces or prevents exposure to aversive and thus potentially harmful stimuli, we expect to find that earthworms can engage in this learning as well. (peerj.com)
  • Signaled avoidance involves classical conditioning such that the aversive stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus (US) paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS), usually a tone or flash of light. (wikipedia.org)
  • This format does not use Pavlovian learning to condition avoidance responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found a degree of regional specialization within the SN: Whereas a region of ventromedial SN correlated with a temporal difference reward prediction error during appetitive Pavlovian learning, a dorsolateral area correlated instead with an aversive expected value signal in response to the most distal cue, and to a reward prediction error in response to the most proximal cue to the aversive outcome. (jneurosci.org)
  • We used high-resolution fMRI to measure activity in the SN and VTA while participants underwent higher-order Pavlovian learning. (jneurosci.org)
  • These intervals are called shock-shock (S-S) intervals, but when an avoidance response is made by the rat, the next shock is delayed by a 30-second response-shock (R-S) interval. (wikipedia.org)
  • Response versus place learning. (karger.com)
  • Avoidance, many times, is a learned response to a specific event that occurred earlier in your life. (emofree.com)
  • The conference, one of a series hosted by Emory University (Atlanta, GA, USA), featured discussions of the response to and lessons learned from the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti and examined the role that US academic institutions can play in public health emergencies. (cdc.gov)
  • Less is known about the differential contribution of these midbrain regions to appetitive versus aversive learning, especially in humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The role of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in appetitive learning is well established, but less is known about their contribution to aversive compared with appetitive learning, especially in humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • RPEs index a mismatch between expected and received outcomes, encoded by the dopaminergic system, and are known to drive learning and decision making in humans and animals. (cambridge.org)
  • These findings suggest that, whereas the human ventromedial SN contributes to long-term learning about rewards, the dorsolateral SN may be particularly important for long-term learning in aversive contexts. (jneurosci.org)
  • With better methods to process large data sets in real-time, these new applications use machine learning and knowledge models to bring more intelligent solutions to the market that help companies extract more value from their data and make better decisions. (ntnu.edu)
  • Learn about the background and some theories linked to demand avoidance. (eastsussex.gov.uk)
  • Vogeltanz-Holm et al (10) and Leshner et al (14) used cognitive and learning theories to propose further that advertisement effectiveness ratings and recall are greatest when advertisements elicit the emotional responses of fear or disgust or both. (cdc.gov)
  • While several limbic-system lesions can disrupt shock-motivated compartment avoidance (SMCA) without modifying illness-induced taste aversion (IITA) conditioning, the opposite pattern of selective interference has not been reported. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Yet behavioral scientists have been interested in their ability to learn since shortly after the advent of comparative psychology. (peerj.com)
  • Suggests to me that motivational attempts like these in our e-learning programs and our business meetings must be lock-boxed to prevent a wider distribution. (willatworklearning.com)
  • Learning & Memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many neurotransmitters such as arginine, vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in learning and memory processes. (ac.ir)
  • The results of the study indicated that the PVN may be involved in the retrieval of learning, whereas the given nucleus seems to have no important role in the acquisition of learning and memory. (ac.ir)
  • The memory test was the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Delayed Recall (HVLT-DR), and the 4-month measurement was the study's primary end point. (medscape.com)
  • We found that generalization of avoidance could be parsed into perceptual and value-based processes, and further, that value-based generalization could be subdivided into that relating to aversive and neutral feedback - with corresponding circuits including primary sensory cortex, anterior insula, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We address the self-sabotaging thought processes that underlie perfectionism, imposter syndrome or worry and learn to reframe them. (lu.se)
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to functional abnormalities in fronto-striatal networks as well as impairments in decision making and learning. (cambridge.org)
  • School avoidance is a disorder affecting school-aged children who, because of anxiety, depression, or social factors, avoid attending school because attendance causes stress. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CAS Perception is responsible for processing raw sensor data from our vehicle's world-class sensor suite using a combination of geometric, interpretable algorithms and deep learning to detect near-collisions with obstacles along our intended driving path, in the most challenging dense urban environments and under tight compute resource constraints. (lever.co)
  • To cancel a course booking, please use the Learning Portal - cancellation form . (eastsussex.gov.uk)
  • Paul continually complained that school was boring and he begged to stay home to learn. (davidsongifted.org)
  • More alarming, he was very frustrated with school and his love of learning was diminishing along with their hopes and dreams for college. (davidsongifted.org)
  • Some psychologic and social factors may cause school avoidance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These other disorders differ from school avoidance in that they also cause problems that are unrelated to school. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dr. Gondi and a group of colleagues from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) developed an approach to address the problem: hippocampal avoidance (HA)-WBRT. (medscape.com)
  • Challenges and opportunities faced during the cholera epidemic were highlighted, and lessons learned that could be broadly applied to other emergency settings were identified. (cdc.gov)
  • We found a regional specialization within the SN: a ventromedial area was selectively engaged during appetitive learning, and a dorsolateral area during aversive learning. (jneurosci.org)
  • Zero tolerance" policies lead to fear and avoidance, which isn't a good environment for learning. (avc.com)
  • We can take over NBC (or whoever's running the Olympics this year) and add some learning content to it. (willatworklearning.com)
  • Browse our library of evidence-based teaching strategies, learn more about using classroom texts, find out what whole-child literacy instruction looks like, and dive deeper into comprehension, content area literacy, writing, and social-emotional learning. (readingrockets.org)
  • The role of neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain in contributing to the elicitation of reward prediction errors during appetitive learning has been well established. (jneurosci.org)
  • Will Thalheimer's research-based commentary on learning, performance, and the industry thereof. (willatworklearning.com)
  • Traditional field trip in Biology has been known to be one event that aids learning outside of the classroom. (edu.ng)
  • In case you missed it, it was a fantastic bit of investigative journalism by The Times that first brought this whole tax avoidance kerfuffle to light. (moneyweek.com)