Anthocyanins
Rosaceae
Glucosides
Ipomoea batatas
Photinia
Vitis
Ribes
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Malus
Plant Extracts
Plant Proteins
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Proanthocyanidins
Solanaceae
Cistus
Zea mays
Gentiana
Color
Melastomataceae
Biosynthetic Pathways
Viburnum
Plants, Genetically Modified
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Litchi
Dianthus
Plant Leaves
Arabidopsis
Pharmacognosy
Rosa
Patterns of evolutionary rate variation among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. (1/731)
The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the production of anthocyanin pigments in plant tissues and shares a number of enzymes with other biochemical pathways. The six core structural genes of this pathway have been cloned and characterized in two taxonomically diverse plant species (maize and snapdragon). We have recently cloned these genes for a third species, the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. This additional information provides an opportunity to examine patterns of evolution among genes within a single biochemical pathway. We report here that upstream genes in the anthocyanin pathway have evolved substantially more slowly than downstream genes and suggest that this difference in evolutionary rates may be explained by upstream genes being more constrained because they participate in several different biochemical pathways. In addition, regulatory genes associated with the anthocyanin pathway tend to evolve more rapidly than the structural genes they regulate, suggesting that adaptive evolution of flower color may be mediated more by regulatory than by structural genes. Finally, for individual anthocyanin genes, we found an absence of rate heterogeneity among three major angiosperm lineages. This rate constancy contrasts with an accelerated rate of evolution of three CHS-like genes in the Ipomoea lineage, indicating that these three genes have diverged without coordinated adjustment by other pathway genes. (+info)Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase by mRNA differential display for plant forms regarding anthocyanin. (2/731)
UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5-GT) is responsible for the modification of anthocyanins to more stable molecules in complexes for co-pigmentation, supposedly resulting in a purple hue. The cDNA encoding 5-GT was isolated by a differential display applied to two different forms of anthocyanin production in Perilla frutescens var. crispa. Differential display was carried out for mRNA from the leaves of reddish-purple and green forms of P. frutescens, resulting in the isolation of five cDNA clones predominantly expressed in the red form. The cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 460 amino acids, exhibiting a low homology with the sequences of several glucosyltransferases including UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase. By using this cDNA as the probe, we also isolated a homologous cDNA clone from a petal cDNA library of Verbena hybrida. To identify the biochemical function of the encoded proteins, these cDNAs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The recombinant proteins in the yeast extracts catalyzed the conversion of anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosides into the corresponding anthocyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucosides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor, indicating the identity of the cDNAs encoding 5-GT. Several biochemical properties (optimum pH, Km values, and sensitivity to inhibitors) were similar to those reported previously for 5-GTs. Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of two copies of 5-GT genes in the genome of both red and green forms of P. frutescens. The mRNA accumulation of the 5-GT gene was detected in the leaves of the red form but not in those of the green form and was induced by illumination of light, as observed for other structural genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. frutescens. (+info)Regulation of mitochondrial KATP channel by redox agents. (3/731)
The ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) was purified from the inner mitochondrial membrane and reconstituted into lipid bilayer membranes. KATP activity was inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and ADP, but activated by low concentrations (up to 200 microM) of ADP. p-Diethylaminoethylbenzoate (DEB) acted as a KATP opener: at micromolar concentrations, it reversed inhibition by ATP and ADP and it also prevented KATP rundown. Pelargonidine, extracted from flowers of Pelargonium, reduced spontaneous activity of KATP channels and diminished their potentiation by DEB. Their opposite action on KATP corresponded with their opposite redox properties in reactions with free radicals: DEB behaved as an electron donor, whereas pelargonidine acted as an electron acceptor. We hypothesize that thiol groups on mitoKATP are targets for redox-active ligans. (+info)Antimutagenicity of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) roots. (4/731)
Antimutagenicity of the water extracts prepared from the storage roots of four varieties of sweetpotato with different flesh colors was investigated using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The extract from the whole roots of the purple-colored Ayamurasaki variety effectively decreased the reverse mutation induced not only by Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, IQ, B[a]P, and 4-NQO but also by dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of grilled beef. Comparison of the inhibitory activity of the extracts from the normal Ayamurasaki and its anthocyanin-deficient mutant one suggested that the anthocyanin pigment in the flesh decreases the mutagenic activity of the mutagens as heterocyclic amines. Two anthocyanin pigments purified from purple-colored sweet-potato, 3-(6,6'-caffeylferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside of cyanidin (YGM-3) and peonidin (YGM-6) effectively inhibited the reverse mutation induced by heterocyclic amines, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, and IQ in the presence of rat liver microsomal activation systems. (+info)Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside in rats. (5/731)
We have clarified for the first time how cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G), which is a potent antioxidant anthocyanin, is absorbed and metabolized in vivo. Rats were orally administered C3G (0.9 mmol/kg body weight), and C3G rapidly appeared in the plasma. However, the aglycon of C3G (cyanidin; Cy) was not detected, although it was present in the jejunum. Protocatechuic acid (PC), which may be produced by degradation of Cy, was present in the plasma and the concentration was 8-fold higher than that of C3G. These results suggest that plasma PC and C3G may contribute to the antioxidant activity of the plasma. In the liver and kidney, C3G was metabolized to methylated C3G (methyl-C3G), suggesting that C3G and/or methyl-C3G act as antioxidants in the tissues. (+info)Hyperoxia-induced changes in antioxidant capacity and the effect of dietary antioxidants. (6/731)
We investigated, by measuring oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), whether hyperoxia causes alterations in antioxidant status and whether these alterations could be modulated by dietary antioxidants. Rats were fed for 8 wk a control diet or a control diet supplemented with vitamin E (500 IU/kg) or with aqueous extracts (ORAC: 1.36 mmol Trolox equivalents/kg) from blueberries or spinach and then were exposed to air or >99% O2 for 48 h. Although the constituents of the extracts were not extensively characterized, HPLC indicated that blueberry extract was particularly rich in anthocyanins, and the spinach extract did not contain any anthocyanins. The ORAC was determined in samples without proteins [serum treated with perchloric acid (PCA); ORACPCA] and with proteins (ORACtot). Hyperoxia induced a decrease in serum protein concentration, an increase in serum ORACPCA, decreases in lung ORACPCA and ORACtot, and an equilibration of proteins and ORACPCA between serum and pleural effusion. These alterations suggested a redistribution of antioxidants between tissues and an increase in capillary permeability during hyperoxia. Only the blueberry extract was effective in alleviating the hyperoxia-induced redistribution of antioxidants between tissues. (+info)Protective effects of dietary nasunin on paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (7/731)
The preventive effects of nasunin (delphinidin-3-[4-p-coumaroyl-rhamnosyl(1-->6)glucosid e]-5-glucoside) on paraquat-induced oxidative stress were determined in rats. Decreased food intake and body weight gain and increased lung weight by feeding the rats a diet containing paraquat were clearly suppressed by supplementing nasunin to the paraquat diet. Paraquat feeding increased the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver lipids and the atherogenic index, and decreased the liver triacylglycerol level. These effects were also suppressed by supplementing nasunin to the paraquat diet. In addition, catalase activity in the liver mitochondrial fraction was markedly decreased by feeding the paraquat diet, this decrease being partially suppressed by supplementing the paraquat diet with nasunin. These results suggest that nasunin acted preventively against the oxidative stress in vivo that may have been due to active oxygen species formed through the action of paraquat. (+info)ANTHOCYANINLESS2, a homeobox gene affecting anthocyanin distribution and root development in Arabidopsis. (8/731)
The ANTHOCYANINLESS2 (ANL2) gene was isolated from Arabidopsis by using the maize Enhancer-Inhibitor transposon tagging system. Sequencing of the ANL2 gene showed that it encodes a homeodomain protein belonging to the HD-GLABRA2 group. As we report here, this homeobox gene is involved in the accumulation of anthocyanin and in root development. Histological observations of the anl2 mutant revealed that the accumulation of anthocyanin was greatly suppressed in subepidermal cells but only slightly reduced in epidermal cells. Furthermore, the primary roots of the anl2 mutant showed an aberrant cellular organization. We discuss a possible role of ANL2 in the accumulation of anthocyanin and cellular organization of the primary root. (+info)Anthocyanins are a type of plant pigment that belong to the flavonoid group. They are responsible for providing colors ranging from red, purple, and blue to black in various fruits, vegetables, flowers, and leaves. Anthocyanins have been studied extensively due to their potential health benefits, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. They also play a role in protecting plants from environmental stressors such as UV radiation, pathogens, and extreme temperatures. Chemically, anthocyanins are water-soluble compounds that can form complex structures with other molecules, leading to variations in their color expression depending on pH levels.
"Vaccinium myrtillus" is the scientific name for a plant species, commonly known as the European blueberry or bilberry. It's a small shrub that bears blue-purple colored berries. While it is not a medical term itself, extracts from its fruits and leaves have been used in various traditional medicine systems and are also being studied in modern science for their potential health benefits. Bilberries contain various compounds including anthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties. However, it's important to note that these studies are still ongoing and not all claims are supported by robust scientific evidence.
Rosaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category in biology, specifically an family of flowering plants. However, many physicians and dermatologists are familiar with some members of this family because they cause several common skin conditions.
Rosaceae refers to a family of plants that include roses, strawberries, blackberries, and many other ornamental and edible plants. Some genera within this family contain species known to cause various dermatologic conditions in humans, particularly affecting the face.
The most well-known skin disorders associated with Rosaceae are:
1. Acne rosacea (or rosacea): A chronic inflammatory skin condition primarily affecting the central face, characterized by flushing, persistent erythema (redness), telangiectasia (dilated blood vessels), papules, pustules, and sometimes rhinophyma (enlarged, bulbous nose).
2. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: A subtype of rosacea characterized by persistent central facial erythema, flushing, and telangiectasia without papules or pustules.
3. Phymatous rosacea: A subtype of rosacea characterized by thickening skin, irregular surface nodularities, and enlargement, particularly of the nose (rhinophyma).
4. Ocular rosacea: Inflammation of the eyes and eyelids associated with rosacea, causing symptoms like dryness, grittiness, foreign body sensation, burning, stinging, itching, watering, redness, and occasional blurry vision.
While not a medical term itself, Rosaceae is an essential concept in dermatology due to the skin conditions it encompasses.
A blueberry plant (Vaccinium spp.) is a shrub that belongs to the heath family (Ericaceae) and is known for its small, round, blue-purple berries. The term "blueberry plant" generally refers to several species within the genus Vaccinium that produce edible fruits, including highbush blueberries (V. corymbosum), lowbush blueberries (V. angustifolium), and rabbiteye blueberries (V. ashei). These plants are native to North America and can be found growing in woodlands, swamps, and sandy areas.
Blueberry plants have simple, elliptical leaves that are typically green in color but may turn red or yellow in the fall. The flowers of blueberry plants are bell-shaped and range in color from white to pink. The fruit is a small berry that contains numerous tiny seeds and is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.
Blueberry plants are popular for their delicious fruits, which can be eaten fresh or used in a variety of culinary applications, such as pies, jams, and smoothies. The plants are also grown for ornamental purposes due to their attractive flowers and foliage. Blueberry plants prefer acidic soil with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5 and require consistent moisture and well-drained conditions to thrive.
Pigmentation, in a medical context, refers to the coloring of the skin, hair, or eyes due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of our skin, hair, and eyes.
There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes can vary from person to person, leading to differences in skin color and hair color.
Changes in pigmentation can occur due to various factors such as genetics, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. For example, hyperpigmentation refers to an excess production of melanin that results in darkened patches on the skin, while hypopigmentation is a condition where there is a decreased production of melanin leading to lighter or white patches on the skin.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."
Glucosides are chemical compounds that consist of a glycosidic bond between a sugar molecule (typically glucose) and another non-sugar molecule, which can be an alcohol, phenol, or steroid. They occur naturally in various plants and some microorganisms.
Glucosides are not medical terms per se, but they do have significance in pharmacology and toxicology because some of them may release the sugar portion upon hydrolysis, yielding aglycone, which can have physiological effects when ingested or absorbed into the body. Some glucosides are used as medications or dietary supplements due to their therapeutic properties, while others can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.
'Ipomoea batatas' is the scientific name for a plant species, commonly known as sweet potato. It is a starchy, root vegetable that comes in various colors and sizes. While I am primarily designed to answer legal, financial, and business questions, I can provide general information about various topics. However, for medical advice or information, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Photinia" is not a medical term. It is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the rose family, Rosaceae. The most commonly cultivated species is Photinia x fraseri, also known as Fraser photinia or Red Robin, which is often used in landscaping due to its attractive, glossy green leaves and clusters of white flowers followed by bright red berries.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help with those.
"Vitis" is a genus name and it refers to a group of flowering plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. This genus includes over 70 species of grapes that are native to the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in North America and Asia. The most commonly cultivated species is "Vitis vinifera," which is the source of most of the world's table and wine grapes.
Therefore, a medical definition of 'Vitis' may not be directly applicable as it is more commonly used in botany and agriculture rather than medicine. However, some compounds derived from Vitis species have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as resveratrol found in the skin of red grapes, which has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects.
"Ribes" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of shrubs in the family Grossulariaceae, which includes plants commonly known as gooseberries and currants. These plants are native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and are widely cultivated for their edible fruits.
However, I believe you may be looking for a medical term related to "ribes." There is no specific medical term or condition directly related to "ribes" in the context of human health or disease. If you have any further questions or need clarification on a different medical term, please let me know!
"Fragaria" is the genus name for plants in the family Rosaceae, which includes various species of strawberries. These plants are native to temperate regions of the world and are widely cultivated for their edible fruits. The term "Fragaria" itself does not have a specific medical definition, but certain compounds found in strawberries, such as flavonoids and vitamin C, have been studied for potential health benefits.
Flavonols are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant and fungal metabolites. They are characterized by the presence of a 3-hydroxyflavone skeleton. Flavonols are found in a variety of plants and are known for their antioxidant properties. Some common dietary sources of flavonols include onions, kale, broccoli, apples, tea, and red wine. They have been studied for their potential health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Flavonols are also known to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malus" is not a medical term. It is a genus name in the plant kingdom, referring to the apple tree. If you have a different term or concept in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition or explanation.
"Sambucus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae, commonly known as elder or elderberry. While "Sambucus" itself is not a medical term, certain species of this plant, particularly "Sambucus nigra," have been used in traditional medicine for their potential health benefits. The berries and flowers of elderberry are rich in vitamins and antioxidants, and they have been traditionally used to treat colds, flu, and other respiratory infections. However, it is important to note that the raw berries and leaves of elderberry contain a substance called sambunigrin, which can be toxic if consumed in large quantities or improperly prepared. Therefore, it is recommended to consume only properly cooked or processed elderberry products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!
"Vaccinium macrocarpon" is the scientific name for the American cranberry, a type of evergreen shrub that produces berries which are commonly used in food and also have potential health benefits. The active ingredients in cranberries, including proanthocyanidins, are thought to help prevent urinary tract infections by preventing bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract. However, it is important to note that consuming cranberry products should not be considered a substitute for medical treatment for UTIs or any other health conditions.
A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.
Proanthocyanidins are a type of polyphenolic compound that are found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and bark. They are also known as condensed tannins or oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs). These compounds are characterized by their ability to form complex structures through the linkage of flavan-3-ol units.
Proanthocyanidins have been studied for their potential health benefits, which may include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. They have also been shown to have a positive impact on collagen stability, which may contribute to their potential role in promoting skin and joint health.
Foods that are rich in proanthocyanidins include grapes (and red wine), berries, apples, cocoa, and green tea. These compounds can be difficult for the body to absorb, but supplements containing standardized extracts of proanthocyanidins are also available.
It's important to note that while proanthocyanidins have shown promise in laboratory and animal studies, more research is needed to fully understand their potential health benefits and safety profile in humans. As with any supplement, it's always a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider before starting to take proanthocyanidins.
"Solanaceae" is not a medical term but a taxonomic category in biology, referring to the Nightshade family of plants. This family includes several plants that have economic and medicinal importance, as well as some that are toxic or poisonous. Some common examples of plants in this family include:
- Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
- Solanum tuberosum (potato)
- Capsicum annuum (bell pepper and chili pepper)
- Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
- Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)
- Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
While Solanaceae isn't a medical term itself, certain plants within this family have medical significance. For instance, some alkaloids found in these plants can be used as medications or pharmaceutical precursors, such as atropine and scopolamine from Atropa belladonna, hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger, and capsaicin from Capsicum species. However, it's important to note that many of these plants also contain toxic compounds, so they must be handled with care and used only under professional supervision.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Dahlia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. The Dahlia is the national flower of Mexico and comes in a variety of colors, sizes, and forms. If you have any medical questions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
'Cistus' is a term that refers to a genus of plants commonly known as rockroses. These plants are native to the Mediterranean region and have pink, white, or red flowers. They belong to the family Cistaceae. While 'Cistus' is a plant genus and not a medical term, extracts from some species of Cistus have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions and wounds. However, it is important to note that the medical efficacy and safety of these uses have not been thoroughly studied or proven by modern scientific research.
'Zea mays' is the biological name for corn or maize, which is not typically considered a medical term. However, corn or maize can have medical relevance in certain contexts. For example, cornstarch is sometimes used as a diluent for medications and is also a component of some skin products. Corn oil may be found in topical ointments and creams. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to corn or corn-derived products. But generally speaking, 'Zea mays' itself does not have a specific medical definition.
"Gentiana" is a term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Gentianaceae. These plants are often characterized by their beautiful, trumpet-shaped flowers and are found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, with some species located in tropical mountains in Africa and South America. The name "Gentiana" comes from the Illyrian king Genius, who is said to have discovered the medicinal properties of this plant.
In a medical context, certain species of Gentiana have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and bitter digestive stimulant properties. For example, Gentiana lutea (yellow gentian) is commonly used in herbal medicine to treat digestive disorders such as loss of appetite, heartburn, and flatulence. However, it's important to note that the use of Gentiana in modern medicine is not well-studied, and more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.
It's worth noting that "Gentiana" is primarily a botanical term and is not commonly used as a medical diagnosis or treatment. If you have any health concerns, it's always best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for advice.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Petunia" is not a medical term. It's the name of a genus of plants in the family Solanaceae, commonly known as petunias. They are popular ornamental plants due to their vibrant and diverse flowers. If you have any questions about botany or gardening, I'd be happy to try to help with those!
In the context of medical terminology, 'color' is not defined specifically with a unique meaning. Instead, it generally refers to the characteristic or appearance of something, particularly in relation to the color that a person may observe visually. For instance, doctors may describe the color of a patient's skin, eyes, hair, or bodily fluids to help diagnose medical conditions or monitor their progression.
For example, jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes that can indicate liver problems, while cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Similarly, doctors may describe the color of stool or urine to help diagnose digestive or kidney issues.
Therefore, 'color' is not a medical term with a specific definition but rather a general term used to describe various visual characteristics of the body and bodily fluids that can provide important diagnostic clues for healthcare professionals.
Flavonoids are a type of plant compounds with antioxidant properties that are beneficial to health. They are found in various fruits, vegetables, grains, and wine. Flavonoids have been studied for their potential to prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer due to their ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.
There are several subclasses of flavonoids, including:
1. Flavanols: Found in tea, chocolate, grapes, and berries. They have been shown to improve blood flow and lower blood pressure.
2. Flavones: Found in parsley, celery, and citrus fruits. They have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
3. Flavanonols: Found in citrus fruits, onions, and tea. They have been shown to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation.
4. Isoflavones: Found in soybeans and legumes. They have estrogen-like effects and may help prevent hormone-related cancers.
5. Anthocyanidins: Found in berries, grapes, and other fruits. They have antioxidant properties and may help improve vision and memory.
It is important to note that while flavonoids have potential health benefits, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or a healthy lifestyle. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Melastomataceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, referring to the Melastomataceae family of plants, also known as the melastome or blueberry family. This family includes around 400 genera and 5,000 species of flowering plants, many of which are found in tropical regions around the world.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help. Please provide me with more information so that I can better assist you.
Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.
Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:
1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.
Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.
"Viburnum" is not a medical term, but a genus of shrubs and small trees that belong to the Adoxaceae family. These plants are commonly known as "viburnums," and they have various uses in horticulture due to their attractive flowers, fruits, and foliage.
While there may be some medicinal uses for certain species of Viburnum, it is not a term that would typically appear in a medical context or definition. If you're looking for information about the medicinal properties of specific plants within the Viburnum genus, I would recommend consulting a reliable source on herbal medicine or speaking with a healthcare professional who has expertise in this area.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
"Cornus" is a genus name that refers to a group of plants commonly known as dogwoods. These plants belong to the family Cornaceae and are native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are around 30-60 species in this genus, depending on the classification system used.
Dogwoods are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees that typically have opposite, simple leaves and showy flowers. The flowers are often surrounded by large, modified bracts that can be white, pink, or yellow. The fruit of dogwoods is a small, fleshy drupe that contains one to four seeds.
Some species of Cornus have medicinal properties. For example, the bark of Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) and Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry) has been used in traditional medicine to treat fever, diarrhea, and other ailments. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can also have toxic effects if not used properly.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Litchi" or "Lychee" is not a medical term. It is a tropical fruit that is native to China. The medical field does not typically provide definitions for specific fruits. However, if you have any concerns about consuming lychees from a medical perspective, such as potential interactions with medications or allergies, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional.
"Dianthus" is not a medical term, but a genus of flowering plants commonly known as "pinks." There are several species within the Dianthus genus, including garden pinks, sweet William, and carnations. These plants are native to Europe and Asia and are often cultivated for their attractive flowers, which can be white, pink, red, or purple. While Dianthus plants have no direct medical relevance, some species may have potential medicinal properties. For example, certain Dianthus species contain compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but more research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in humans.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.
'Wine' is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice. It contains ethanol and can have varying levels of other compounds depending on the type of grape used, the region where it was produced, and the method of fermentation.
In a medical context, wine might be referred to in terms of its potential health effects, which can vary. Moderate consumption of wine, particularly red wine, has been associated with certain health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular health. However, heavy or excessive drinking can lead to numerous health problems, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and an increased risk of various types of cancer.
It's important to note that while moderate consumption may have some health benefits, the potential risks of alcohol consumption generally outweigh the benefits for many people. Therefore, it's recommended that individuals who do not currently drink alcohol should not start drinking for health benefits. Those who choose to drink should do so in moderation, defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.
Pharmacognosy is the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs or potential drugs derived from natural sources. It involves the examination, isolation, identification, and analysis of the active and non-active components of medicinal plants and other natural materials. The field also encompasses the investigation of the traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology, and standardization of these naturally occurring drug preparations. Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmaceutical sciences that contributes to the development of new drugs and natural health products.
"Vaccinium" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a genus of plants in the family Ericaceae. It includes several species of shrubs that produce berries, such as blueberries, cranberries, and huckleberries. While these fruits have nutritional and potential medicinal benefits, "Vaccinium" itself does not have a medical definition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rosa" is not a medical term. It is the scientific name for the genus of plants that includes roses. If you have a question about a medical condition or term, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.
"Mimulus" is a term used in the context of botany, rather than medicine. It refers to a genus of plants commonly known as "monkey flowers," which belong to the Phrymaceae family. These plants are native to North and South America and are known for their vibrant, tubular flowers that attract pollinators such as hummingbirds and bees.
While "Mimulus" is not a medical term, some species of this plant have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous peoples. For example, Mimulus guttatus (the common monkey flower) has been used in Native American medicine for treating respiratory issues, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal problems. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants as medicinal remedies should not be considered a substitute for seeking advice from a licensed healthcare professional or following evidence-based medical treatments.
Biological pigments are substances produced by living organisms that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of color. These pigments play crucial roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, and protection against harmful radiation. Some examples of biological pigments include melanin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids.
Melanin is a pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in animals, including humans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center, which gives blood its red color and facilitates oxygen transport. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs light during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carotenoids are orange, yellow, or red pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and some animals that protect against oxidative stress and help maintain membrane fluidity. Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments with antioxidant properties that have been linked to various health benefits.
Delphinium is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, also known as larkspur. It includes over 300 species that are native to the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity found in the mountainous regions of western North America and southern Europe.
Delphiniums are herbaceous plants that can grow up to several feet tall, depending on the species. They have palmately compound leaves that are divided into several lobes. The flowers are borne in dense spikes or racemes and have five distinct sepals, four of which are often brightly colored and petal-like, while the fifth is small and leaflike. The flowers also have numerous stamens and a single pistil.
Delphiniums are popular ornamental plants due to their showy flowers, which come in a variety of colors including blue, purple, pink, white, and yellow. However, some species contain toxic alkaloids that can be harmful or fatal if ingested by humans or animals. It is important to handle delphiniums with care and keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Anthocyanin
Primulin (anthocyanin)
Flavanol-anthocyanin adduct
P-Coumaroylated anthocyanin
Anthocyanin 6"-O-malonyltransferase
Anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase
Anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase
Anthocyanin 3'-O-beta-glucosyltransferase
Anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside 6'''-O-malonyltransferase
Anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside 6''-O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase
Protocyanin
Leucoanthocyanidin
Edgar Charles Bate-Smith
Aronia
Forestal
Vicianose
Revolution Bioengineering
Chrysanthemin
Sambubiose
Basics of blue flower colouration
Ernest Aubrey Ball
Taylor Wallace
Blue
Pleiogynium timoriense
Norton (grape)
Yvette Hardman Edmondson
Purple
Etiolation
Petunidin
Morus nigra
Anthocyanin - Wikipedia
Strategy for anthocyanins production: From efficient green extraction to novel microbial biosynthesis
PDF) Polyphenol, Anthocyanin and Resveratrol Mass Fractions and Antioxidant Properties of Cranberry Cultivars
Anthocyanins for Cardiovascular Health | Natural Medicine Journal
8ème International Workshop on Anthocyanins - Agropolis Fondation
Scientists Develop Anthocyanin-Fortified Bread for Diabetics
Two-Year Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Black Currant Anthocyanins on Visual Field in Glaucoma | Ophthalmologica |...
Two-Year Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Black Currant Anthocyanins on Visual Field in Glaucoma | Citedby Results |...
PRIME PubMed | Preparation of an intelligent film based on chitosan/oxidized chitin nanocrystals incorporating black rice bran...
Anthocyanins from red wine - their stability under simulated gastrointestinal digestion | The James Hutton Institute
Experts Boost Anthocyanin Content of Radish Sprouts- Crop Biotech Update (May 18, 2022) | Crop Biotech Update - ISAAA.org
anthocyanin | Foodimentary - National Food Holidays
Everything You Never Knew about Anthocyanin - Green Solutions LPCGreen Solutions LPC
anthocyanin-free | TerraForums Venus Flytrap, Nepenthes, Drosera and more talk
Effects of Steaming and Dehydration on Anthocyanins, Antioxidant Activity,Total Phenols and Color Characteristics of Purple...
Nutritional regimen of sparkling apple cider for alcoholic liver disease with diet anthocyanins. | Abstract
Bilberry Extract - Anthocyanins
INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL ROOTZONE DRYING ON THE COMPOSITION AND ACCUMULATION OF ANTHOCYANINS IN GRAPE BERRIES (VITIS VINIFERA CV....
Improvement of strawberry for potential anthocyanin content and bioactive compound producing cultivars through breeding program...
Plus it
Anthocyanin-Rich Vegetables for Human Consumption - Focus on Potato, Sweetpotato and Tomato[v1] | Preprints.org
Bioactivity, Absorption, and Metabolism of Anthocyanins<...
Anthocyanins, non-anthocyanin phenolics, tocopherols and antioxidant capacity of açaà juice (Euterpe oleracea) as affected by...
Altmetric - Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health...
Health effects of wine - Wikipedia
Role of anthocyanin-bound pectin in juice color stabilization. - INRAE - Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l...
anthocyanins - Superfoodly
Anthocyanins Archives | HealYOUnaturally
Anthocyanins - Vitamin Base
Anthocyanins - Natcolor Peru
Pigments11
- Anthocyanins (from Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos) 'flower', and κυάνεος/κυανοῦς (kuáneos/kuanoûs) 'dark blue'), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthocyanins are plant pigments with enormous health benefits to humans. (isaaa.org)
- Since anthocyanins are natural pigments that range from dark red to blue to indigo, they are found in numerous plants and fruits, like blueberries and red grapes. (greensolutionslpc.com)
- Anthocyanins (AC) are a group of water-soluble natural pigments found in various parts of higher plants. (unime.it)
- Anthocyanins are important pigments in plants that provide a wide range of health benefits and are commonly used as natural colorants in the food industry. (differencebetween.io)
- Anthocyanins and anthoxanthins are important pigments in plants and food for various reasons. (differencebetween.io)
- The bright and vibrant colors of flowers and fruits that result from anthocyanin pigments serve to signal to potential pollinators such as bees and butterflies, as well as seed dispersers such as birds and mammals. (differencebetween.io)
- Blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder also known anthocyanins, are water-soluble natural pigments present in plants, and are colored aglycones obtained by hydrolysis of anthocyanins. (yanggebiotech.com)
- Once the green colour is gone other pigments that are often present in the leaf come into view… carotenoids are pigments responsible for the yellow/orange colour of leaves, anthocyanins are responsible for the redder colour of leaves and tannins are responsible for the brown colour of leaves. (sciencewows.ie)
- Anthocyanins are pigments common in higher plants, causing their red, blue and purple coloration. (unige.ch)
- Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble pigments derived from flavonol. (rainbowextract.com)
Health Benefits of Anthocyanins1
- Extraction, Identification, and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins in Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L. (karger.com)
Rich in anthocyanins6
- Eating foods rich in anthocyanins is beneficial to health, not only to strengthen the body, but also to prevent diseases. (my-jointwell.com)
- Eating more foods rich in anthocyanins in daily life can play a role in beauty and skin care. (my-jointwell.com)
- Therefore, people with various skin problems should eat more foods rich in anthocyanins in their daily life, such as bilberries, 95% of which are natural substances called anthocyanins. (my-jointwell.com)
- Eating more foods rich in anthocyanins in our daily life can also help to improve vision. (my-jointwell.com)
- Participants who ate dark fruits and vegetables rich in anthocyanins showed a slower rate of decline in lung function with age than those who ate less anthocyanin. (rainbowextract.com)
- Previous prospective studies have shown that blueberries are rich in anthocyanins, and eating more blueberries is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (rainbowextract.com)
Extract13
- Researchers found that digestion rates of the anthocyanin-fortified bread were reduced by 12.8 percent when 1 percent of anthocyanin extract from black rice was added into the bread dough and baked at the optimal condition of 200°C for 8 minutes. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
- The digestion rate dropped further to 20.5 percent when the amount of anthocyanin extract increased to 4 percent. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
- Bilberry Extract - Anthocyanins is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries, As a professional Methyl-Sulfonyl-Methane(MSM) supplier and manufacturer, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying and exporting Methyl-Sulfonyl-Methane(MSM) from China for almost 15 years, please be assured to buy Mono Propylene Glycol at Foodchem. (foodchem.com)
- This paper aimed to standardize the extraction process and characterize an anthocyanin -rich dry extract obtained from this fruit . (bvsalud.org)
- Blueberry Extract 25% Anthocyanins Powder KOSHER/USP GRADE 1 TON In STOCK For Anti-Oxidation Supplement, Support OEM Powder/Capsules/Tablets/Gummies. (yanggebiotech.com)
- A rich source of nutrients and antioxidants, blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder with anthocyanins powder is a concentrated form of blueberry-derived compounds, primarily anthocyanins. (yanggebiotech.com)
- Blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder come from concentrated blueberry juice and are sold in the form of powder, pills or capsules. (yanggebiotech.com)
- Free sample available: Blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder 10-30g free samples could be offered for your R&D trial. (yanggebiotech.com)
- We can blend blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder with other healthy ingredients according to your requirements. (yanggebiotech.com)
- 1. Dietary Supplements: Blueberry extract 25% anthocyanins powder is commonly used in the production of dietary supplements. (yanggebiotech.com)
- suggest that using fish oil, bilberry extract (anthocyanins), and lutein as daily dietary supplements can safely improve visual fatigue and mental fatigue. (aximed.hk)
- Containing extracts of Nordic bilberries (anthocyanins) and marigold extract (lutein), this product offers dual benefits and has a positive effect on vision degradation, blurred vision, and visual haze. (aximed.hk)
- Several studies suggest that anthocyanins extract contributes to heart and brain health by improving cardiovascular function. (rainbowextract.com)
Cultivars8
- Anthocyanins occur in the flowers of many plants, such as the blue poppies of some Meconopsis species and cultivars. (wikipedia.org)
- 0.05) were reported as regards the mass fractions of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit of the analysed cultivars. (researchgate.net)
- anthocyanins in the fruit of the analysed cultivars. (researchgate.net)
- The aim of the present work was to determine the anthocyanin content, bioactive compounds and the physico-chemical fruit quality of three new strawberry cultivars. (ishs.org)
- Therefore, these cultivars had the highest of anthocyanin content, bioactive compound and physico-chemical properties when compared with parents and also have the potential to be used in the development of phytochemical-rich strawberry cultivars and cultivation in commercial scale. (ishs.org)
- Thus, the use of genetics has led to the development and release of anthocyanin-rich crop cultivars in Europe and USA. (preprints.org)
- Fruits from different cultivars of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) were evaluated for fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin and phenolic contents. (cdc.gov)
- The fruit soluble solids, titratable acids, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin and phenolic contents varied with cultivars. (cdc.gov)
High anthocyanin content2
- Sometimes bred purposely for high anthocyanin content, ornamental plants such as sweet peppers may have unusual culinary and aesthetic appeal. (wikipedia.org)
- Investing tomatoes with high anthocyanin content doubles their shelf-life and inhibits growth of a post-harvest mold pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. (wikipedia.org)
Determining anthocyanin content1
- Due to critical differences in sample origin, preparation, and extraction methods determining anthocyanin content, the values presented in the adjoining table are not directly comparable. (wikipedia.org)
Contain anthocyanin1
- Blueberries contain anthocyanin, which is good for eyesight. (foodimentary.com)
Amount of anthocyanin1
- Thus, the amount of anthocyanin in radish hypocotyls increased significantly. (isaaa.org)
Source of anthocyanins3
- The highest polyphenol mass fraction was determined in Ben Lear (374.2 mg per 100 g of fresh mass), while Early Richard was the richest source of anthocyanins (77.1 mg per 100 g of fresh mass). (researchgate.net)
- the richest source of anthocyanins (77.1 mg per 100 g of fresh mass). (researchgate.net)
- One of the local resources developed as a source of anthocyanins from agricultural product waste is red banana peel. (unair.ac.id)
Phenolic compounds2
- We studied the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (400, 450, 500, and 600 MPa/5 min/20 °C) and thermal pasteurization (85 °C/1 min) on anthocyanins, non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds, tocopherols and antioxidant capacity toward oxygen and nitrogen reactive species of açaà juice. (reading.ac.uk)
- The anthocyanins are a group of well-studied phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and cancer chemopreventative activities (21). (justia.com)
Total anthocyanins2
- The flesh of PFSP cultivar Terlaje produced in the Western Pacific contained total anthocyanins at 0.40 mg g -1 fresh weight. (scialert.net)
- The anthocyanin composition of the wines reflected the response shown in the grapes, where the relative contribution of non-malvidin anthocyanins to total anthocyanins was significantly increased in wines from the PRD treatment. (infowine.com)
Biosynthesis6
- This review summarizes the efficient approach for green extraction and introduces a novel strategy for microbial biosynthesis of anthocyanins, emphasizing the technological changes in production. (nih.gov)
- Significant progress has been made in identifying genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in various crops. (preprints.org)
- In particular, the kinetics of PAP1 expression preceded those of PAP2 and all of the structural genes (CHS, DFR, F3H, LDOX), consistent with the hypothesis that it has a key role in light induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis. (unimi.it)
- Experiments with transgenic lines over-expressing the MYB factors show that PAP1, but not PAP2, strongly stimulates expression of the anthocyanin structural gene encoding dihydroflavonol reductase, but neither factor affected expression of the early flavonoid biosynthesis gene encoding chalcone synthase. (unimi.it)
- Consistent with these findings, PAP1, but not PAP2, stimulated light induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in seedlings. (unimi.it)
- We conclude that specific members of the MYB and bHLH families play important roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to different light qualities in Arabidopsis. (unimi.it)
Antioxidants3
- And regular consumption of anthocyanins can also prevent the early formation of skin wrinkles, the most effective antioxidants in nature. (my-jointwell.com)
- Anthocyanins are important antioxidants and Anthocyanins as antioxidants have health promoting effects, which include reduced risk of coronary heart disease, improved visual activity and antiviral activity. (novanat.com)
- Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants that neutralize free radicals in the body and reduce oxidative stress damage to cells and tissues. (rainbowextract.com)
Flavonoids4
- Anthocyanins belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Roughly 2% of all hydrocarbons fixed in photosynthesis are converted into flavonoids and their derivatives, such as the anthocyanins. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids that are rich in fruits and vegetables, contribute positively to human health. (preprints.org)
- Anthocyanins are type of antioxidant group flavonoids , present in red, purple and blue fruits and vegetables like berries, pomegranate, grapes, tomato, onion and kidney beans. (vitaminbase.eu)
Cyanidin1
- A significant increase in glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and peonidin was found in response to PRD from the onset of anthocyanin accumulation (veraison), while malvidin-glucosides were unaffected by the irrigation treatment. (infowine.com)
Extraction2
- Anthocyanins have been traditionally produced by plant extraction, which is characterized by high expenditure, low production rates, and rather complex processes, and hence cannot meet the increasing market demand. (nih.gov)
- In addition, the emerging environmental issues resulting from traditional solvent extraction technologies necessitate a more efficient and eco-friendly alternative strategy for producing anthocyanins. (nih.gov)
Compounds3
- Fruits of three selected new hybrid lines were extracted and total anthocyanin and bioactive compounds were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. (ishs.org)
- A significant increase was observed for the non-anthocyanin compounds' content at 500 MPa, possibly related to cell wall rupture due to the applied pressure. (reading.ac.uk)
- The present invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods for modulating the level of a chemokine in a cell by administering to a cell an effective amount of a depside, an anthocyanin, or combinations thereof. (justia.com)
Cardiovascular3
- Good news: Anthocyanin supplements offer real, measurable benefits for cardiovascular health. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
- Anthocyanins have gained notable attention due to their -now well-renowned- antioxidative , cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory properties . (sino-lifescience.com)
- Scientific studies show that anthocyanidins and anthocyanins possess strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and protect against various chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. (rainbowextract.com)
Beets1
- Other natural anthocyanins like strawberry anthocyanin, raspberry anthocyanins, black rice anthocyanins, black beans anthocyanins, purple corn anthocyanin, red cabbage anthocyanin, purple sweet potato anthocyanin, purple cabbage anthocyanin, beets anthocyanins, black carrot anthocyanins which may contain in the plant from a few to 200-300 mg per 3.5 ounces (100 grams). (rainbowextract.com)
Anti-inflammatory effects2
- Furthermore, anthocyanins offer anti-inflammatory effects that are helpful after an injury or disease. (greensolutionslpc.com)
- Anthocyanins have potent anti-inflammatory effects, which can help alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions like lung disease and may lower the risk of inflammatory-related diseases. (rainbowextract.com)
Pigment4
- Wines produced from the treatments showed no difference in total monomeric anthocyanin, but relative increases (15%) in wine colour density, total tannin and polymeric pigment occurred in response to the PRD treatment. (infowine.com)
- Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid pigment that gives many plants and fruits their vibrant colors ranging from red, purple, blue to black. (differencebetween.io)
- In the absence of carotenoid, anthocyanin is the dominant pigment. (sciencewows.ie)
- Anthocyanin (the same pigment found in red onions, red grapes, red apples and red cabbage) is a natural pH indicator, meaning that it can change colour depending on the levels of acids or bases/alkali in its environment. (sciencewows.ie)
Accumulation3
- In flowers, the coloration that is provided by anthocyanin accumulation may attract a wide variety of animal pollinators, while in fruits, the same coloration may aid in seed dispersal by attracting herbivorous animals to the potentially-edible fruits bearing these red, blue, or purple colors. (wikipedia.org)
- In a previous study, the researchers found that nitric oxide plays a positive role in the accumulation of anthocyanin in radish sprouts. (isaaa.org)
- The aim of the study was to investigate anthocyanin composition and accumulation in grape berries in response to the partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation technique.The experiment was on Vitis vinifera cv. (infowine.com)
Content11
- Anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and total phenols as well as color characteristics of PFSP were determined by UV/visible or fluorescence spectrophotometry and chromametry. (scialert.net)
- PFSP powder processed by hot air-drying without steaming lost 65% of anthocyanin content, 35% of antioxidant activity and 40% of total phenols. (scialert.net)
- Steaming of PFSP roots at atmosphere pressure for 0.5 h increased 40% of anthocyanin content and enhanced the purple color of PFSP. (scialert.net)
- Dehydration at 60°C for 24 h retained anthocyanin content and purple color of steamed PFSP. (scialert.net)
- Our results revealed that among the plants evaluated, hybrid No. 1 line 10, hybrid No. 1 line 15 and hybrid No. 1 line 22 had the highest anthocyanin content. (ishs.org)
- The content and distribution of anthocyanins in plants can be influenced by various factors such as light, temperature, pH, nutrient status, and genetics. (differencebetween.io)
- Total solids and anthocyanins content were used as feedback . (bvsalud.org)
- The content of anthocyanins was determined spectrophotometrically. (bvsalud.org)
- Download Now The ebook anthocyanins as food colors 1982 is that the greatest life in curve of Mars will be from the racism and content to Earth of a such position of narrow-minded request ancestors. (rosencpagroup.com)
- The darker the food, the higher the anthocyanin content. (my-jointwell.com)
- The results showed that the total anthocyanin content of red banana peels was 55.139 mg/L using water and 5.038 mg/L using ethanol as solvent. (unair.ac.id)
Chlorophyll2
- The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically-active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera leaves. (wikipedia.org)
- To isolate the anthocyanins, the 700nm spectral band, that reflects only chlorophyll and not anthocyanins, is subtracted. (unige.ch)
Blueberries1
- This was confirmed by a six-month intervention trial recently published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which showed that eating 1 cup of anthocyanin-rich blueberries (about 150 grams) per day improved blood vessel function and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. (rainbowextract.com)
Atherosclerosis1
- Several studies have suggested that anthocyanins protect against atherosclerosis. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Regulatory genes3
- This resulted to significant expression of several structures and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin production. (isaaa.org)
- In this work we analysed, at the transcript level, the response of Arabidopsis anthocyanin regulatory genes of the MYB (PAP1 and PAP2), bHLH (TT8, EGL3 and GL3) and WD40 (TTG1) families to white light in seedlings and to different light qualities in rosette leaves. (unimi.it)
- Expression analysis of anthocyanin regulatory genes in response to different light qualities in Arabidopsis thaliana / E. Cominelli, G. Gusmaroli, D. Allegra, M. Galbiati, H.K. Wade, G.I. Jenkins, C. Tonelli. (unimi.it)
Grapes2
- It's responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of certain fruits and vegetables like berries, currants, grapes and some purplish blue-colored leafy vegetables, grains, roots, and tubers are edible vegetables that contain a high level of anthocyanins. (rainbowextract.com)
- Human nutritionists at Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health in the United States found that adding more anthocyanin-containing grapes and berries to the diet may be beneficial for lung health. (rainbowextract.com)
Ingredients2
- Although approved as food and beverage colorant in the European Union, anthocyanins are not approved for use as a food additive because they have not been verified as safe when used as food or supplement ingredients. (wikipedia.org)
- The anthocyanin-rich food ingredients have the potential of being more nutritious than those devoid of anthocyanins. (preprints.org)
Vegetables1
- Anthocyanins are natural bioflavonoids found in various fruits and vegetables, especially in reddish ones. (sino-lifescience.com)
Free radicals6
- The main function of anthocyanins is to scavenge free radicals. (my-jointwell.com)
- Anthocyanins can maintain and enhance the activity of vitamins in the human body, so they have high effect of scavenging free radicals. (my-jointwell.com)
- Anthocyanins are not only help delay aging, but also supplying nutrients and eliminating harmful free radicals from the body, thereby making our skin healthier. (my-jointwell.com)
- Cancer is mostly caused by free radicals destroying the genetic material DNA and anthocyanins have the effect of indirectly protecting the genetic material, so that we can better fight against various high-incidence cancers. (my-jointwell.com)
- In addition, anthocyanins also have the effect of scavenging free radicals, so eating these foods regularly can protect healthy cells from being eroded by cancer cells. (my-jointwell.com)
- The antioxidant properties of anthocyanins effectively protect eye cells from damage caused by free radicals, maintaining clear vision. (aximed.hk)
Pigmentation2
- The pigmentation generated by anthocyanins becomes visible instead. (greensolutionslpc.com)
- There are over 600 types of anthocyanins that have been identified, and they are classified based on their chemical structure and pigmentation. (differencebetween.io)
Blueberry juice1
- Studies have shown that anthocyanin-rich blueberry juice concentrate may enhance cognitive performance by improving brain function and cerebral blood flow in healthy elderly people, while also bringing benefits in improving brain function. (rainbowextract.com)
Findings1
- Our findings provide insight on the potential synergism between anthocyanin intake and physical activity on lipid profile. (qub.ac.uk)
Improve endothelial function1
- 2-5 The authors of the current publication have previously shown that anthocyanin supplementation can reduce inflammatory markers and improve endothelial function. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Cabbage2
- Nature, traditional agriculture methods, and plant breeding have produced various uncommon crops containing anthocyanins, including blue- or red-flesh potatoes and purple or red broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, and corn. (wikipedia.org)
- In fact one of my favourite experiments that I often do with children is to demonstrate this colour changing using anthocyanin extracted from red cabbage (but that's a whole other blog in itself). (sciencewows.ie)
Genes1
- In Europe, anthocyanin-rich tomato cul-tivar 'Sun Black' developed via the introgression of Aft and atv genes has been released. (preprints.org)
Tomato2
- Tomato plants protect against cold stress with anthocyanins countering reactive oxygen species, leading to a lower rate of cell death in leaves. (wikipedia.org)
- Although tomato is deficient in anthocyanins, some of its wild relatives are known to accumulate anthocyanins in their sub-epidermal fruit tissue. (preprints.org)
Abstract2
- abstract = "While growing evidence exists on the independent associations between anthocyanins and physical activity on CVD risk determinants, the possible interaction between these exposures has not yet been studied. (qub.ac.uk)
- Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial of prepared black rice anthocyanins nano-composite (An-AgNps) against hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate (MTX) in rats . (bvsalud.org)
HPLC3
- The mass fractions of total phenolic com-pounds, anthocyanins and resveratrol (HPLC-DAD), as well as the antioxidant properties (DPPH · , · OH and ABTS + radical scavenging capacity) were determined. (researchgate.net)
- Individual anthocyanins and vitamin C were determined using HPLC. (ishs.org)
- Anthocyanins were determined in 83 samples of Sicilian young red wines from autochthonous and allochthonous grape varieties (Nero d'Avola, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah) by a rapid HPLC method suitable for routine analysis, over two vintages, 2004 and 2005. (ajevonline.org)
Oxidative2
- Tart Cherry Ultra Chewables are made with 1,200 mg whole Montmorency cherries per serving to provide powerful anthocyanins that protect the body from oxidative damage. (naturesway.com)
- Ultra Chewables provide powerful anthocyanins to help protect your body from oxidative damage. (naturesway.com)
Endothelium1
- 6-8 The current study under review fleshes out some of the mechanistic details underlying the protective benefits of anthocyanins on the endothelium. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Anthoxanthins1
- Anthoxanthins are clear, white to yellowcounterparts of anthocyanins occurring in plants. (foodchem.com)
Diseases2
- There is no conclusive evidence that anthocyanins have any effect on human biology or diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthocyanins play a crucial role in attracting pollinators and seed dispersers as well as protecting plants from ultraviolet radiation, pests, and diseases. (differencebetween.io)
Stems4
- Anthocyanins are found in the cell vacuole, mostly in flowers and fruits, but also in leaves, stems, and roots. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthocyanins are water-soluble phytochemicals found in the tissues of plants like leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. (greensolutionslpc.com)
- they are odorless and nearlyflavorless, contributing to taste as a moderately astringent sensation.Anthocyanins occur in all tissues of higher plants, including leaves, stems,roots, flowers, and fruits. (foodchem.com)
- Anthocyanins are widely distributed in various plant tissues such as leaves, flowers, fruits, and stems. (differencebetween.io)
Colour3
- At the beginning of Autumn the levels of sugar in the leaves tends to be quite high, increasing the acid levels in the leaves, this strengthens the red colour of Anthocyanin if it is present in the leaves. (sciencewows.ie)
- Temperature treatments at 35°C and 50°C have shown a higher absorbance decline rate than temperature 30 and 40°C. Storage of anthocyanins in UV lamps and sunlight showed colour changes compared to storage in 25-watt lamps. (unair.ac.id)
- 300mL of Arepa performance drink (blackcurrant-based, polyphenol-rich beverage available on the market containing approximately 300mg of anthocyanins, 200mg of L-theanine, and 150mg of Enzogenol) or a taste- and colour-matched 300mL placebo. (who.int)
Cognitive2
- Anthocyanins have been reported as having the capacity to lower blood pressure, improve visual acuity, reduce cancer cell proliferation, inhibit tumor formation, prevent diabetes, lower the risk of CVD modulate cognitive and motor function. (mybff.com.my)
- Emerging research indicates that anthocyanins are believed to support brain health, potentially reducing the risk of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. (rainbowextract.com)
Juice1
- Role of anthocyanin-bound pectin in juice color stabilization. (inrae.fr)
Crops2
- This review focuses on genetic variation harnessed through crossbreeding and biotechnology-led approaches for developing anthocyanins-rich fruit and vegetable crops. (preprints.org)
- The development of anthocyanin-rich food crops without any significant yield penalty has been due to the use of genetic engineering involving specific transcription factors or gene editing. (preprints.org)
Beneficial2
- Overall, anthocyanin supplementation led to beneficial changes in platelet chemokines as well as favorable changes in lipids and inflammatory markers compared to placebo. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
- Anthocyanins can help us improve our vision in dim light, which is very beneficial for people who often work or read in inadequate light . (my-jointwell.com)
Plants4
- Anthocyanins may have a protective role in plants against extreme temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
- You may never have heard the word anthocyanin before, but you most certainly recognize the effects they have on plants. (greensolutionslpc.com)
- For example , exposure to high light intensity or low temperatures can increase anthocyanin production in some plants. (differencebetween.io)
- In plants, anthocyanins play a crucial role in attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. (differencebetween.io)
Tomatoes1
- Indigo Rose Tomatoes are loaded with Anthocyanins. (healyounaturally.com)
Characteristic1
- The inclusion of anthocyanins as a target characteristic in breeding programs can ensure the development of culti-vars to meet the nutritional needs for human consumption, particularly in the developing world. (preprints.org)
Black2
- To examine the influence of the black currant anthocyanins (BCACs) on the disease progression of open-angle glaucoma (OAG), a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial was made in 38 patients with OAG treated by antiglaucoma drops. (karger.com)
- A novel intelligent film was developed by immobilizing 1%, 3% and 5% black rice bran anthocyanins (BACNs) into oxidized-chitin nanocrystals (O-ChNCs)/ chitosan (CS) matrix. (unboundmedicine.com)
Search1
- Thus, researchers continuously search for ways to improve the anthocyanin contents of plant foods. (isaaa.org)