Anabolic Agents
Teriparatide
Osteoporosis
Osteoblasts
Parathyroid Hormone
Bone Remodeling
Bone Density Conservation Agents
Bone and Bones
Diethylstilbestrol
Bone Density
Alterations in diaphragm contractility after nandrolone administration: an analysis of potential mechanisms. (1/470)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential mechanisms underlying the improved contractility of the diaphragm (Dia) in adult intact male hamsters after nandrolone (Nan) administration, given subcutaneously over 4 wk via a controlled-release capsule (initial dose: 4.5 mg. kg-1. day-1; with weight gain, final dose: 2.7 mg. kg-1. day-1). Control (Ctl) animals received blank capsules. Isometric contractile properties of the Dia were determined in vitro after 4 wk. The maximum velocity of unloaded shortening (Vo) was determined in vitro by means of the slack test. Dia fibers were classified histochemically on the basis of myofibrillar ATPase staining and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and the relative interstitial space was quantitated. Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase activity was determined by quantitative histochemistry in individual diaphragm fibers. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were identified electrophoretically, and their proportions were determined by using scanning densitometry. Peak twitch and tetanic forces, as well as Vo, were significantly greater in Nan animals compared with Ctl. The proportion of type IIa Dia fibers was significantly increased in Nan animals. Nan increased the CSA of all fiber types (26-47%), whereas the relative interstitial space decreased. The relative contribution of fiber types to total costal Dia area was preserved between the groups. Proportions of MHC isoforms were similar between the groups. There was a tendency for increased expression of MHC2B with Nan. Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase activity was increased 35-39% in all fiber types in Nan animals. We conclude that, after Nan administration, the increase in Dia specific force results from the relatively greater Dia CSA occupied by hypertrophied muscle fibers, whereas the increased ATPase activity promotes a higher rate of cross-bridge turnover and thus increased Vo. We speculate that Nan in supraphysiological doses have the potential to offset or ameliorate conditions associated with enhanced proteolysis and disordered protein turnover. (+info)Effects of implants on daily gains of steers wintered on dormant native tallgrass prairie, subsequent performance, and carcass characteristics. (2/470)
Fall-weaned crossbred steer calves (n = 300; 184 +/- 2.9 kg) received either no implant (Control) or were implanted with Synovex-C (SC = 10 mg estradiol benzoate + 100 mg progesterone), Synovex-S (SS = 20 mg estradiol benzoate + 200 mg progesterone), or Revalor-G (RG = 8 mg estradiol-17beta + 40 mg trenbolone acetate) to determine the effects of implants on weight gain during winter grazing on dormant tallgrass prairie, subsequent grazing and finishing performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers grazed two dormant tallgrass prairie pastures from October 16, 1996, until March 29, 1997 (164 d), and received 1.36 kg/d of a 25% CP supplement that supplied 100 mg of monensin/steer. Following winter grazing, all steers were implanted with Ralgro (36 mg zeranol) and grazed a common tallgrass prairie pasture until July 17 (110 d). After summer grazing, all steers were implanted with Revalor-S (24 mg estradiol-17beta + 120 mg trenbolone acetate), and winter implant treatment groups were equally allotted to four feedlot pens. Steers were harvested November 17, 1997, after a 123-d finishing period. Daily gains during the winter grazing phase averaged .28, .32, .32, or .35 kg/d, respectively, for Control, SC, SS, or RG steers and were greater (P < .01) for implanted steers than for Controls. Summer daily gains were similar (1.05 +/- .016 kg/d; P > or = .61) for all treatment groups. Feedlot daily gains were also similar (1.67 +/- .034 kg/d; P > or = .21), with implanted steers weighing 14 kg more than Control steers (P = .05) at harvest, despite similar management during summer grazing and feedlot phases. Control steers tended (P = .06) to have lower yield grades. There were no differences (P = .99) in marbling between implanted and nonimplanted steers. Steers implanted during the wintering phase had increased skeletal and overall (P < .01) carcass maturities compared with nonimplanted steers, which resulted in more "B" and "C" maturity carcasses. Because carcass maturity score affects quality grade, the increased maturities of implanted steers resulted in a $9.04 decrease in carcass value/100 kg (P < .01) compared with Controls. The results of this study indicate that growth-promoting implants are efficacious for cattle wintered on dormant native range despite low daily gains. This increased weight is maintained through the summer grazing and feedlot phases; however, the benefit of the increased weight may be offset by decreased carcass quality grade and value due to increased carcass maturity. (+info)Increased dopaminergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic activities in male rat brain following long-term treatment with anabolic androgenic steroids. (3/470)
1. The effects of treating groups of rats with four different anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) (testosterone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, and oxymetholone) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurones in different brain regions were examined. The AAS was injected six times with 1 week's interval and the rats were sacrificed 2 days after the final injection. 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured. The effect on DA and 5-HT synthesis rate was analysed as the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), respectively, after inhibition of the amino acid decarboxylase with NSD-1015 (3-hydroxy-benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride). Additionally, the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was analysed in the hypothalamus. 2. The DOPAC + HVA/DA ratio was increased in the striatum in all treatment groups. However, the synthesis rate of DA was significantly increased only in the methandrostenolone treated group. 3. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was increased in all treatment groups in the hippocampus, in the frontal cortex in the methandrostenolone-treated animals and in the hypothalamus in the testosterone- and oxymetholone-treated rats, while the 5-HT synthesis rate was not affected by the AAS-treatments. 4. The MAO-A activity was increased in the oxymetholone-treated rats while the other treatment groups were unaffected. The MAO-B activity was not changed. 5. The results indicate that relatively high doses of AAS increase dopaminergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic metabolism in male rat brain, probably due to enhanced turnover in these monaminergic systems. (+info)Reversal of weightlessness-induced musculoskeletal losses with androgens: quantification by MRI. (4/470)
Microgravity causes rapid decrement in musculoskeletal mass is associated with a marked decrease in circulatory testosterone levels, as we reported in hindlimb-suspended (HLS) rats. In this model which simulates microgravity, we hypothesized that testosterone supplementation should prevent these losses, and we tested this in two studies. Muscle volumes and bone masses were quantitated by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day 12. In the first study, 12-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats that were HLS for 12 days lost 28.5% of muscle volume (53.3 +/- 4.8 vs. 74.5 +/- 3.6 cm3 in the ground control rats; P < 0.001) and had a 5% decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) (P < 0.05). In the second study, 30 male 12-wk-old Wistar rats were HLS and were administered either a vehicle (control), testosterone, or nandrolone decanoate (ND). An additional 20 rats were used as ground controls, one-half of which received testosterone. HLS rats had a significant reduction in muscle volume (42.9 +/- 3.0 vs. 56 +/- 1.8 cm3 in ground control rats; P < 0.01). Both testosterone and ND treatments prevented this muscle loss (51.5 +/- 2 and 51.6 +/- 1.2 cm3, respectively; a 63% improvement; P < 0. 05). There were no statistical differences between the two active treatment groups nor with the ground controls. Similarly, there was an 85% improvement in BMD in the testosterone group (1.15 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.04 density units in vehicle controls; P < 0.05) and a 76% improvement in the ND group (1.13 +/- 0.07 density units), whereas ground control rats had a BMD of 1.17 +/- 0.03 density units. Because serum testosterone levels are markedly reduced in this model of simulated microgravity, androgen replacement seems to be a rational countermeasure to prevent microgravity-induced musculoskeletal losses. (+info)Effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use or gonadal testosterone suppression on serum leptin concentration in men. (5/470)
OBJECTIVE: Serum leptin concentration shows a sexual dimorphism that is not accounted for by gender differences in adiposity. A strong inverse association exists between serum leptin and testosterone concentrations in men, pointing to a likely influence of gonadal sex steroids on serum leptin concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether manipulation of sex steroid hormones in men would alter serum leptin concentration independently of changes in fat mass. DESIGN AND METHODS: The effects of sex steroid suppression on serum leptin concentration were investigated in nine healthy men in whom testosterone had been reversibly suppressed for 5 weeks after treatment with intramuscular triptorelin. The effects of sex steroid supplementation were investigated in nine male bodybuilders who self-administered anabolic--androgenic steroids (AAS) for a mean period of 6.5 weeks. A control group received no hormonal treatment. RESULTS: Testosterone concentration was significantly reduced by triptorelin administration (7.32+/- 1.92ng/ml at baseline compared with 1.15+/-0.57ng/ml at 5 weeks, P=0.002). High-dose AAS use was confirmed by urine analysis. Body fat percentage was unaffected by the AAS or triptorelin intervention (P>0.19). Leptin concentration was significantly reduced after one cycle of AAS use (2.40+/-0. 98ng/ml off cycle compared with 1.63+/-0.37ng/ml on cycle, P=0.012), and was significantly increased by triptorelin administration (2. 96+/-1.50ng/ml at baseline compared with 6.63+/-4.67ng/ml at five weeks, P=0.004). No significant change occurred in the control group. CONCLUSION: Androgenic sex hormone supplementation decreases serum leptin concentration, whereas suppression increases serum leptin concentration, independently of changes in body fat mass in healthy men. The sexual dimorphism evident in serum leptin concentration is likely to be due to a suppressive effect of testosterone on serum leptin concentration in males. (+info)Effects of anabolic steroids on diaphragm impairment induced by methylprednisolone in emphysematous hamsters. (6/470)
This study was designed to investigate whether the administration of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate is able to antagonize the loss in diaphragm function induced by long-term administration of a low-dose of methylprednisolone in emphysematous hamsters. Normal and emphysematous male hamsters were randomized to receive either saline or methylprednisolone 0.2 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) for 9 months, with or without nandrolone decanoate 1 mg x kg(-1) x week(-1) i.m. during the final 3 months. Diaphragm contractile properties and myosin heavy chain composition were determined. Compared to control hamsters, the force generating capacity of isolated diaphragm strips decreased by approximately 12% in the emphysema group and by approximately 22% in the emphysema plus methylprednisolone group. Addition of nandrolone decanoate to the emphysema plus methylprednisolone hamsters significantly improved force generation. The atrophy of type IIa and IIx diaphragm fibres in the emphysema plus methylprednisolone group was completely reversed to the level of control hamsters by the addition of nandrolone decanoate. In conclusion, nandrolone decanoate in part reversed the loss in diaphragm force-generating capacity in emphysematous hamsters treated with methylprednisolone, and reversed type IIa and IIx fibre atrophy completely. (+info)Effects of anabolic steroid (19-nortestosterone) on the secretion of testicular hormones in the stallion. (7/470)
The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of anabolic steroids on the testicular endocrine function of mature stallions. Mature thoroughbred stallions were treated with 800 mg nandrolone decanoate every 3 weeks for 3 months. After the first treatment, plasma concentrations of LH, immunoreactive inhibin and testosterone decreased rapidly to the nadir. These hormones were maintained at significantly lower concentrations compared with concentrations in intact stallions. Histology of the testicular tissue indicated the arrest of advanced spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and a severe depletion of the number of Leydig cells in the interstitial compartment as a result of treatment. Most of the immunopositive cells for the inhibin alpha-subunit and steroidogenesis enzymes in the interstitial compartment decreased below detectable amounts, whereas immunopositive reactions of inhibin alpha-subunit in the seminiferous tubules were clearly observed. In conclusion, the treatment of mature stallions with nandrolone decanoate caused a decrease in the secretion of ir-inhibin and testosterone from the testis, the depletion of the number of Leydig cells and a decrease below detectable amounts of inhibin alpha-subunit and steroidogenesis enzymes. The concentration of ir-inhibin in the peripheral blood may be a useful marker for the examination of testicular activity in stallions being treated with anabolic steroids. (+info)Over-the-counter anabolic steroids 4-androsten-3,17-dione; 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol; and 19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione: excretion studies in men. (8/470)
Since the appearance of 4-androsten-3,17-dione (I) as a nutritional supplement in early 1997, we have frequently observed a characteristic deterioration of endogenous steroid profiles in athletes' urine in routine anabolic steroid testing in which concentrations of major endogenous urinary steroids and testosterone exceed normal. Human excretion studies are performed with I and newer, over-the-counter "supplements" 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol (II) and 19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione (III). Endogenous urinary steroids affected by I and II are androsterone, etiocholanolone, their hydroxylated derivatives 5alpha- and 5beta-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diols, testosterone, and epitestosterone. Their concentrations briefly increase by one to two orders of magnitude and return to normal 24 h after oral administration of I and II. The average male may test positive for testosterone because testosterone concentration rises faster than that of epitestosterone, causing the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio to rise above the positive cutoff of 6:1. A remarkable distinction in excretion patterns was observed in eastern Asian men, for whom I and II did not affect urinary concentrations of testosterone and did not increase the T/E ratio. First-pass metabolism deactivates most of the orally administered drugs I and II, rapidly converting them into inactive androsterone and etiocholanolone. Drug II is a more effective testosterone booster because of its different metabolic pathway. After the use of III, a precursor of the potent anabolic nandrolone, high concentrations of norandrosterone and noretiocholanolone appear in urine, similar to nandrolone. These are detectable in urine for 7-10 days after a single oral dose of III (50 mg). (+info)Anabolic agents are a class of drugs that promote anabolism, the building up of body tissues. These agents are often used medically to help people with certain medical conditions such as muscle wasting diseases, osteoporosis, and delayed puberty. Anabolic steroids are one type of anabolic agent. They mimic the effects of testosterone, the male sex hormone, leading to increased muscle mass and strength. However, anabolic steroids also have significant side effects and can be addictive. Therefore, their use is regulated and they are only available by prescription in many countries. Abuse of anabolic steroids for non-medical purposes, such as to improve athletic performance or appearance, is illegal and can lead to serious health consequences.
Zeranol is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Zeranol is a non-steroidal estrogenic growth promoter, which means it is used to promote growth in animals, particularly cattle. It belongs to the class of compounds known as zearalenones, which are mycotoxins produced by certain types of fungi.
Zeranol works by binding to estrogen receptors in the animal's body, mimicking the effects of natural estrogens and promoting growth. It is important to note that zeranol is not approved for use in humans, and its potential health effects on humans are not well understood. However, residues of zeranol have been found in meat products derived from cattle treated with the compound, leading to concerns about its potential impact on human health.
Hexestrol is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen that was previously used in various medical treatments, including hormone replacement therapy and the treatment of certain types of cancer. It is no longer commonly used in clinical medicine due to its associated side effects and the availability of safer and more effective alternatives. Hexestrol is classified as a carcinogen and may increase the risk of certain cancers, particularly endometrial and breast cancer. It is important to note that the use of hexestrol and other synthetic estrogens should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and it is not recommended for self-medication.
Trenbolone Acetate is an esterified form of the synthetic steroid hormone Trenbolone. It is a potent anabolic and androgenic steroid, which is used in veterinary medicine for promoting muscle growth and appetite stimulation in cattle. In human medicine, it is not approved for use but is sometimes misused for its anabolic effects, such as increasing muscle mass, strength, and reducing body fat. It is important to note that the use of Trenbolone Acetate in humans is considered off-label and can lead to serious health consequences, including liver toxicity, cardiovascular issues, and hormonal imbalances.
Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid medication, which is a synthetic version of the hormone testosterone. Medically, it's used to help people gain weight after certain illnesses or injuries, and to treat conditions like HIV-related wasting, major burns, and some types of osteoporosis. It works by promoting muscle growth and increasing appetite.
It's important to note that oxandrolone is a controlled substance and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to the potential for serious side effects and abuse.
Teriparatide is a synthetic form of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is a natural hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in the body. The medication contains the active fragment of PTH, known as 1-34 PTH, and it is used in medical treatment to stimulate new bone formation and increase bone density.
Teriparatide is primarily prescribed for the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men with a high risk of fractures who have not responded well to other osteoporosis therapies, such as bisphosphonates. It is administered via subcutaneous injection, typically once daily.
By increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption, teriparatide helps improve bone strength and structure, ultimately decreasing the risk of fractures in treated individuals. The medication's effects on bone metabolism can lead to improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture, making it an essential tool for managing severe osteoporosis and reducing fracture risk.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.
Osteoblasts are specialized bone-forming cells that are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. They play a crucial role in the process of bone formation and remodeling. Osteoblasts synthesize, secrete, and mineralize the organic matrix of bones, which is mainly composed of type I collagen.
These cells have receptors for various hormones and growth factors that regulate their activity, such as parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and transforming growth factor-beta. When osteoblasts are not actively producing bone matrix, they can become trapped within the matrix they produce, where they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells that play a role in maintaining bone structure and responding to mechanical stress.
Abnormalities in osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.
The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.
In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.
Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.
Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.
During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:
1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.
Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.
Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.
Examples of bone density conservation agents include:
1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.
These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.
"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.
Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.
The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s until the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and other complications of pregnancy. However, it was later discovered that DES could cause serious health problems in both the mothers who took it and their offspring.
DES is a non-selective estrogen agonist, meaning that it binds to and activates both estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the body. It has a higher binding affinity for ERα than for ERβ, which can lead to disruptions in normal hormonal signaling pathways.
In addition to its use as a pregnancy aid, DES has also been used in the treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. However, due to its potential health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, DES is no longer widely used in clinical practice.
Some of the known health effects of DES exposure include:
* In women who were exposed to DES in utero (i.e., their mothers took DES during pregnancy):
+ A rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma
+ Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as structural changes in the cervix and vagina, and an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery
+ An increased risk of breast cancer later in life
* In men who were exposed to DES in utero:
+ Undescended testicles
+ Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum
+ A higher risk of testicular cancer
* In both men and women who were exposed to DES in utero or who took DES themselves:
+ An increased risk of certain types of breast cancer
+ A possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.
It is important for individuals who have been exposed to DES to inform their healthcare providers of this fact, as it may have implications for their medical care and monitoring.
Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation or development. It involves the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed mainly of type I collagen. This organic matrix later mineralizes to form the inorganic crystalline component of bone, primarily hydroxyapatite.
There are two primary types of osteogenesis: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous osteogenesis occurs directly within connective tissue, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bone tissue without an intervening cartilage template. This process is responsible for the formation of flat bones like the skull and clavicles.
Endochondral osteogenesis, on the other hand, involves the initial development of a cartilaginous model or template, which is later replaced by bone tissue. This process forms long bones, such as those in the limbs, and occurs through several stages involving chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and calcification, followed by invasion of blood vessels and osteoblasts to replace the cartilage with bone tissue.
Abnormalities in osteogenesis can lead to various skeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysplasia (a disorder affecting skull and collarbone development).
Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.
NCAA drug testing
Testosterone (medication)
Mestanolone
Drostanolone propionate
Dihydrotestosterone
Androstanolone
Ecdysteroid
Methasterone
Parathyroid hormone
Inorganic pyrophosphatase
Cristina Iovu
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Trendione
Proton-Translocating NAD(P)+ Transhydrogenase
Gynecomastia
Doping in the United States
Doping in tennis
Michel Prazeres
Nadzeya Astapchuk
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7-Keto-DHEA
Romário
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Muscle atrophy
Methylclostebol
Testosterone
Pedro Delgado
Zhou Mi (badminton)
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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
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- As a general dose Dynabolin Cycle reviews: Dynabolon is an excellent anabolic steroid, but as it is no longer concomitant medications can also affect serum testosterone levels. (mainjustice.com)
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- Testosterone in any form is always the recommended first-use anabolic steroid for beginners and first-timers to the anabolic steroid world. (xamuel.com)
- Other AAS, undergoes anabolic steroids and other steroid use, the consequences are not necessarily known given the dearth of research on the subject. (mamapundit.com)
- Against dangerous or misbranded supplements using one of these legal steroids the androgen and anabolic steroid Oxandrolone. (mamapundit.com)
- Anabolic steroid for energy, and so the more continue to make progress is to alternate between growth and bodyfat-reducing phases. (afip.org)
- Earth revealed after one year are different types of anabolic steroid agents such as the oral and injectable ones, and the most common steroid is the hormone testosterone. (wirelessdesignmag.com)
- A sample from Sonnen's August 6 drug test came back with a high T/E (testosterone-to-estrogen) level, which is indicative of anabolic steroid use. (mmamania.com)
- HGH is a hormone, not an anabolic steroid, but it is a powerful agent for repairing damaged tissue and building muscles and bones. (thedailybeast.com)
- That party came to a halt in 2005 when the Designer Anabolic Steroid Act of 2004 was implemented. (tigerfitness.com)
- Sadly, it came to an end with the introduction of the Designer Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2014 . (tigerfitness.com)
- Anabolic Steroid Use in Nonathletes: Why? (medscape.com)
- Androgenic anabolic steroid use is again in the news, with widespread coverage of the controversy swirling around use by athletes on the Russian Olympic team. (medscape.com)
- Anabolic Steroid Use: Who and Why? (medscape.com)
- There are two populations and two epochs in anabolic steroid use in our nation. (medscape.com)
- In the first epoch that started in the 1950s, anabolic steroid use in our country was largely confined to competitive athletes. (medscape.com)
- Today, the vast majority of anabolic steroid users are male weight lifters who use anabolic steroids to look more lean and muscular. (medscape.com)
- Anabolic steroid abuse in nonathletes is quite a different issue from anabolic steroid use by athletes. (medscape.com)
- There are some health issues associated with sports-related use, but anabolic steroid use by nonathlete high school kids is a serious and growing public health threat. (medscape.com)
- I can't recall the last time a patient didn't tell me about their anabolic steroid use when asked in a nonjudgmental manner. (medscape.com)
- Many physicians simply do not ask about anabolic steroid use and are often unfamiliar with the types of steroids that are available on the street. (medscape.com)
- Medscape: When you encounter an androgenic anabolic steroid user, do you encourage immediate discontinuation, or should more gradual discontinuation be recommended? (medscape.com)
- Some long-term anabolic steroid users may develop serious withdrawal syndromes, including depressive symptoms, and in some cases suicidality. (medscape.com)
Beta-2 agonists2
- Their group can be divided into ASS (anabolic androgenic steroids) such as the sex hormone testosterone and substances with a similar effect, and other anabolic agents such as (beta-2 agonists, SARMs and growth hormones). (fatburners.at)
- Anabolic steroids, beta-2 agonists and blood doping agents are good examples. (latimes.com)
Selective androgen r4
- Anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators, growth hormones and co. all belong to the group of anabolic drugs , i.e. substances that promote tissue formation. (fatburners.at)
- Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a rather new class of anabolic substances. (fatburners.at)
- Among anabolic agents, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent a new class of potential drugs that can exhibit anabolic effects on muscle and bone with reduced side effects due to a tissue-selective mode of action. (researchgate.net)
- Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are a class of therapeutic compounds that have similar properties to anabolic agents, but with reduced androgenic properties . (medium.com)
Substances7
- Note: This blog post is only intended to inform you about anabolic steroids, because the trade, purchase and use of these substances is regulated in some countries - including Germany. (fatburners.at)
- Anabolic agents are substances that promote the build-up of the body's own tissue (for example muscles) through increased protein synthesis, i.e. they have an anabolic effect . (fatburners.at)
- There are a wide variety of substances, all of which are called anabolic substances . (fatburners.at)
- When we delve into the science behind anabolic agents, we discover that these substances work by enhancing protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. (worldofroids.to)
- Despite the potential benefits of anabolic agents, one must remember they are potent substances that can have significant impacts on the body. (worldofroids.to)
- Could be integrated anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial substances, acting through the illusion of muscle, strength, and health that one gets while taking steroids. (afip.org)
- All AAS are Non-Specified Substances in the class of Anabolic Agents and are prohibited at all times under the USADA Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing, the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee National Anti-Doping Policy, and the Union Cycliste Internationale Anti-Doping Rules, all of which have adopted the World Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. (usada.org)
Associated with anabolic steroids2
- However, recent literature has suggested that the medical issues best place to buy Winstrol online associated with anabolic steroids may be somewhat overstated (Berning. (mainjustice.com)
- This powerful supplement has been found to enhance performance, muscle gains, and body composition without the androgenic side effects associated with anabolic steroids. (zshare.net)
Doses of anabolic steroids1
- Endurance athletes also resort to low doses of anabolic steroids due to the shortened regeneration time. (fatburners.at)
Teriparatide and abaloparatide2
- US Food and Drug Administration-approved anabolic agents include the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-based treatments teriparatide and abaloparatide, and also the sclerostin inhibitor romosozumab. (expertperspectives.com)
- the parathyroid hormone analogues teriparatide and abaloparatide are anabolic agents. (medscape.com)
Dianabol1
- Buy cheap anabolic steroids online, buy Dianabol 5mg. (wirelessdesignmag.com)
Antiresorptive4
- Pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis includes most commonly the use of antiresorptive agents to decrease bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, and the selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene. (medscape.com)
- Romosozumab is an uncoupling agent that both stimulates the formation of bone and acts as an antiresorptive. (medscape.com)
- Risedronate is a potent antiresorptive agent that does not affect bone mineralization. (medscape.com)
- Thacker leverages the TBS to help patients obtain effective therapy, typically an anabolic agent followed by antiresorptive medication, she said. (medscape.com)
Androgenic effects2
- The anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone modified to enhance the anabolic rather then the androgenic effects. (xamuel.com)
- Just how all androgens are derivatives of testosterone and have different anabolic and androgenic effects, there are different naturally-occurring derivatives of DHEA that can dramatically increase its ability to add muscle and increase testosterone levels. (tigerfitness.com)
Urine5
- Urine was analyzed for anabolic steroids and metabolites, beta-adrenergic compounds, ephedrine, and human chorionic gonadotropin, in addition to a broad spectrum screening with GC/MS. (astm.org)
- According to him, the beginning of production of anabolic steroids flow of urine, and may lead those using it for performance or aesthetic purposes. (zapthink.com)
- Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine. (smashingbuzz.com)
- His urine sample was analyzed using a specialized test that differentiates between anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) naturally produced by the body and prohibited anabolic agents of external origin. (usada.org)
- I have seen many patients in my career, and I remember only one instance in which I had to do blood and urine testing for anabolic steroids. (medscape.com)
Androgens3
- Table 1 ), however, their use may give rise to other adverse effects known as testosterone injections or testosterone injections) is not with androgens Boldenone benefits anabolic steroids. (ncfy.com)
- Then, a few years later people like Patrick Arnold, who famously brought androstendiol and 1-androstendiol (which I'll get to a little later) amongst others, started reading an iconic book about steroids called "Androgens and Anabolic Agents - Chemistry and Pharmacology" by Julius Vida. (tigerfitness.com)
- This godsend of the chemistry behind anabolic steroids contained literally hundreds of androgens, many that were investigated by pharmaceutical companies but never made it to production, and was responsible for bringing infamous products like Superdrol, DMZ, Epistane, and many many more. (tigerfitness.com)
Oral4
- Oral anabolic steroids for sale, geneza pharmaceuticals arimidex. (xamuel.com)
- And miRNA), which they further one proven case where anyone steroids With the Least Side Effects Oral anabolic steroids work. (mamapundit.com)
- This makes Myagen one of the most powerful oral anabolic steroids ever made. (steroid.com)
- Injectable and Oral anabolic steroids for sale. (smashingbuzz.com)
Synthetic2
- Simply, the definition of anabolic is "of or related to the synthetic phase of metabolism. (bodybuilding.com)
- Verbluffende resultaten bij rapid action of this compound will adapted to the synthetic Testosterone and know your tolerance levels to these Anabolic agents. (cydiablog.com)
Injectable1
- Steroids with delivers long-lasting energy, reduces fatigue, and (Injectable) Deca Durabolin (Nandrolone Decanoate) is an effective anabolic bulking agent. (afip.org)
Arimidex1
- Can you order steroids online, generic Arimidex for sale, buying anabolic steroids online. (mamapundit.com)
Hormones2
- Growth factors and hormones such as somatotropin (HGH = human growth hormone), insulin, somatomedine (IGF = insulin-like growth factors) belong to this category of anabolic steroids. (fatburners.at)
- There are countless articles written on how insulin increases protein synthesis and decreases protein degradation, making it one of the most anabolic hormones in the body. (bodybuilding.com)
Bodybuilders5
- For serious bodybuilders seeking peak performance, anabolic agents provide the indispensable stepping stone. (worldofroids.to)
- Anabolic agents are instrumental in boosting bodybuilders' performance, enabling speedy muscle development and enhanced strength and endurance. (worldofroids.to)
- A potent androgen with anabolic properties, The reason it is so popular among bodybuilders best place to buy Winstrol online and fitness enthusiasts is the fact that it has some truly unique properties. (mainjustice.com)
- These results are in accordance with anecdotal reports from bodybuilders that inject insulin regularly and claim it to be a very powerful anabolic agent. (bodybuilding.com)
- [2] In the wake of this major blow to the supplement industry and aspiring bodybuilders (like myself) everywhere, was the exclusion of one molecule from this act that would later become the new king of legal anabolic supplements - Dehydroepiandrosterone aka DHEA . (tigerfitness.com)
Potent1
- however, these agents are rapidly effective and potent such that they might be considered in certain scenarios involving patients who have just sustained an osteoporotic fracture. (expertperspectives.com)
Mechanism of Act1
- ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS: Mechanism of Action and Effects on Performance Thomas. (xamuel.com)
Athletes5
- This treatment had no effects decline in anxiety and many athletes refrain from taking hormonal anabolic steroids because. (mdtmag.com)
- For athletes anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth point, Near osteoporosis and cause changes testosterone Cypionate. (mamapundit.com)
- Sex hormone) or a similar compound in the side effects of anabolic steroids, use among athletes is widespread testosterone levels will not be shut down, unlike other steroids, and thus a PCT is not essential. (mamapundit.com)
- Medscape: Why do adults who are not athletes use anabolic steroids? (medscape.com)
- These men are not athletes, and they are not using anabolic steroids to gain athletic advantage in sports competitions. (medscape.com)
Protein2
- Therefore, in order for carbohydrates to be defined as anabolic, there must be conclusive evidence that carbohydrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
- Anabolic resistance describes the reduced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis to a given dose of protein/amino acids and contributes to declines in skeletal muscle mass. (mcmaster.ca)
Clenbuterol1
- In sports, especially clenbuterol is used because it shows a high anabolic effect. (fatburners.at)
Endogenous1
- Importantly, turkesterone does not affect endogenous testosterone, making it a safer alternative to anabolic steroids. (zshare.net)
Tissue3
- Danazol is an antigonadotropic agent which suppresses the pituitary-ovarian axis by inhibiting the pituitary output of FSH and LH, resulting in regression and atrophy of normal and ectopic endometrial tissue. (azurewebsites.net)
- Due to their tissue-building effect, anabolic agents are used in human medicine, animal husbandry, as well as in sports . (fatburners.at)
- And fat tissue in the anabolic steroids online bodybuilding will occur after any IM injection no matter what medication is injected. (mdtmag.com)
Insulin3
- A common thread in bodybuilding thought is that carbohydrates are anabolic because they increase insulin secretion, and insulin is anabolic. (bodybuilding.com)
- In fact, there are some studies that concluded that insulin is indeed anabolic in mature subjects. (bodybuilding.com)
- Physical inactivity induces: anabolic resistance (that is likely exacerbated with aging), insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, decreased satellite cell content, and decreased capillary density. (mcmaster.ca)
Compounds2
- After decontamination, a 100 mg hair strand was pulverized in a ball mill, hydrolyzed, extracted, and derivatized to be tested by GC/MS for anabolic steroids, beta-adrenergic compounds, ephedrine, and other doping agents. (astm.org)
- These results document the doping practice and demonstrate repetitive exposure to anabolic compounds and confirm the value of hair analysis as a complement to urinalysis in the control of doping practice. (astm.org)
Bisphosphonates1
- Bisphosphonates have a high affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals, and by binding at sites of active bone resorption, these agents can inhibit osteoclastic resorption. (medscape.com)
Carbohydrates3
- Are Carbohydrates Anabolic? (bodybuilding.com)
- The main focus of this article will be to determine whether or not carbohydrates can be considered anabolic or not. (bodybuilding.com)
- The focus of this article, however, is determining whether or not carbohydrates should be considered anabolic. (bodybuilding.com)
Compound2
- So, as it stands, we can look at this drug on paper and speculate that it would be a very useful anabolic compound, it's going to remain on paper until some resourceful underground decides to produce Myagen. (steroid.com)
- The book was very thorough and contained tons of key information about steroids, including the anabolic androgenic ratio (Q) of each compound which indicated how strong each androgen was. (tigerfitness.com)
Muscle15
- Anabolic Agents are considered in sports as the muscle maker par excellence. (fatburners.at)
- Understanding anabolic agents requires some familiarity with how your body builds muscle. (worldofroids.to)
- Essentially, these agents act like a switch, turning on your body's machinery for muscle growth and repair. (worldofroids.to)
- The pathway to immense muscle growth is opened up by anabolic agents. (worldofroids.to)
- In essence, anabolic agents are the key that unlocks enhanced muscle growth. (worldofroids.to)
- Finally, such agents maintain a certain level of anabolism even during periods of physical stress or intense workouts, ensuring muscle growth is uninterrupted. (worldofroids.to)
- Anafuse is long standing top muscle building natural anabolic supplement that contains multiple effective ingredients with solid feedback year over year. (zshare.net)
- Anabolic refers to the metabolic process that is characterized by molecular growth, such as the increase of muscle mass. (bodybuilding.com)
- Anabolic resistance is responsible, in part, for skeletal muscle atrophy with aging, muscle disuse, and during disease states. (mcmaster.ca)
- Critical illness results in rapid skeletal muscle atrophy that is a result of both anabolic resistance and enhanced skeletal muscle breakdown. (mcmaster.ca)
- Insofar as atrophic loss of skeletal muscle mass is concerned, anabolic resistance is a principal determinant of age-induced losses and appears to be a contributor to critical illness-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. (mcmaster.ca)
- The advantages of anabolics are obvious: a person begins buy steroids online reviews to rapidly gain not fat, but muscle mass, quickly recovers after heavy loads, overcomes excessive thinness and dystrophy. (xamuel.com)
- Creatine, for example with huge gains in muscle size on, you can not use anabolic steroids. (afip.org)
- This powerful muscle building agent is extremely anabolic and has zero. (bestpricenutrition.com)
- Receptor expression misuse anabolic steroids to expedite muscle. (smashingbuzz.com)
Typically1
- Anabolic steroids typically agents should be combined only 2004, and they hold similar status in many other countries. (zapthink.com)
Ratio1
- Well, by taking a look at its androgenic/anabolic ratio, you should see why. (steroid.com)
Increasingly2
- Anabolic agents are increasingly recognized as an important part of the treatment armamentarium. (expertperspectives.com)
- Anabolic steroids are increasingly used in our current culture and present difficulties from many angles. (mainjustice.com)
Sale1
- In principle, physiologic response to anabolic use could include measuring any tips how to purchase testosterone anabolic steroids to Trimetabol for sale enhance their performance at work. (zapthink.com)
SARMs1
- Besides possible medical applications, SARMs are used as performance-enhancing agents in sports. (researchgate.net)
Advantages1
- Discover the compelling science of anabolic agents enhancing the bodybuilding journey, with detailed insights into the advantages, risks, and strategic usage. (worldofroids.to)
Side effects2
- Consider agents with manageable side effects that can be easily mitigated with careful usage or lifestyle adjustments. (worldofroids.to)
- Side Effects Since anabolic treatment for a second workout logbook that feels like a high. (mamapundit.com)
Powerful2
- This makes anabolic agents a powerful tool in the arsenal of every serious bodybuilder. (worldofroids.to)
- Anabolic agents have powerful performance-enhancing capabilities and can give an athlete an unfair advantage over fellow competitors. (usada.org)
Athletic1
- Since then, a substantial amount of scientific data on anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has emerged and the circumstances of AAS use has evolved in the athletic, recreational, and clinical communities. (lww.com)
Supplements2
- King of Legal Anabolic Supplements? (tigerfitness.com)
- DHEA Derivatives - King of Legal Anabolic Supplements? (tigerfitness.com)
Effects1
- Despite the pharmacological therapies currently available to counteract this devastating cascade, future studies are warranted to explore new multimodality agents that will counteract these effects while maintaining glycemic control and preventing unfavorable complications. (utmb.edu)
Abuse1
- However, the bigger, and less well-known, public health problem today is the increasing use of anabolic steroids among nonathletes, and the challenges in identifying and treating this form of drug abuse . (medscape.com)
Adults1
- Does it remain anabolic in mature adults? (bodybuilding.com)
High2
- Need high quality Anabolic Steroids ? (zapthink.com)
- High quality anabolic steroids with delivery. (smashingbuzz.com)
Effective1
- An effective anabolic agent should ideally be fast-acting. (worldofroids.to)
Sports2
- This consensus statement is an update of the 1987 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). (lww.com)
- Suspension is capable therapy to suppress manifestations of allergic diseases of limited duration like agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. (ncfy.com)
Unlock1
- To truly unlock your bodybuilding potential, diversifying your anabolic arsenal is vital. (worldofroids.to)
Body3
- Supraphysiologic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used to improve body image and sport performance goals. (biomedcentral.com)
- The sportsmen self-administering androgenic-anabolic agents to improve their performance and their body shape continue to be a problem. (xamuel.com)
- The recreational and indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) may be associated with clinical conditions involving body-image changes, or may simply be responding to the desire of achieving a sculpted body in a short period of time. (bvsalud.org)
Drugs4
- Are anabolic drugs illegal? (fatburners.at)
- Where are anabolic drugs used? (fatburners.at)
- The single most important diagnostic test is to simply ask the patient in a nonconfrontational manner, "Do you use anabolic steroids or any other anabolic drugs? (medscape.com)
- Clinicians only rarely need to test patients for drugs to find out whether they are using anabolic steroids. (medscape.com)