Alphavirus Infections
Alphavirus
Sindbis Virus
Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine
Ross River virus
Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine
Swallows
Replicon
Cimicidae
Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine
Culicidae
Cricetinae
Aedes
Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine
Arboviruses
Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. (1/604)
This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological findings on 27 cases of Mayaro virus (MV) disease, an emerging mosquito-borne viral illness that is endemic in rural areas of tropical South America. MV disease is a nonfatal, dengue-like illness characterized by fever, chills, headache, eye pain, generalized myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, and rash of 3-5 days' duration. Severe joint pain is a prominent feature of this illness; the arthralgia sometimes persists for months and can be quite incapacitating. Cases of two visitors from the United States, who developed MV disease during visits to eastern Peru, are reported. MV disease and dengue are difficult to differentiate clinically. (+info)Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. (2/604)
Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to human beings by Aedes genus mosquitoes. From 1972 to 1986 in Kedougou, Senegal, 178 Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from gallery forest mosquitoes, with most of them isolated from Ae. furcifer-taylori (129 strains), Ae. luteocephalus (27 strains), and Ae. dalzieli (12 strains). The characteristics of the sylvatic transmission cycle are a circulation periodicity with silent intervals that last approximately three years. Few epidemics of this disease have been reported in Senegal. The most recent one occurred in 1996 in Kaffrine where two Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from Ae. aegypti. The retrospective analysis of viral isolates from mosquitoes, wild vertebrates, and humans allowed to us to characterize Chikungunya virus transmission cycles in Senegal and to compare them with those of yellow fever virus. (+info)Geographic distribution and evolution of Sindbis virus in Australia. (3/604)
The molecular epidemiology and evolution of Sindbis (SIN) virus in Australia was examined. Several SIN virus strains isolated from other countries were also included in the analysis. Two regions of the virus genome were sequenced including a 418 bp region of the E2 gene and a 484 bp region containing part of the junction region and the 5' end of the C gene. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence data from 40 SIN virus isolates clearly separated the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian genetic types of SIN virus. Examination of the Australian strains showed a temporal rather than geographic relationship. This is consistent with the virus having migratory birds as the major vertebrate host, as it allows for movement of virus over vast areas of the continent over a relatively short period of time. The results suggest that the virus is being periodically redistributed over the continent from an enzootic focus of evolving SIN virus. However, SIN virus strains isolated from mosquitoes collected in the south-west of Australia appear to represent a new SIN virus lineage, which is distinct from the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages. Given the widespread geographic dispersal of the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages, it is surprising that the South-west genetic type is so restricted in its area of circulation. Nucleotide sequence data from the C gene of the prototype strain of the alphavirus Whataroa were also determined. This virus was found to be genetically distinct from the SIN virus isolates included in the present study; however, it is clearly SIN-like and appears to have evolved from a SIN-like ancestral virus. (+info)Salmon pancreas disease virus, an alphavirus infecting farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (4/604)
A 5.2-kb region at the 3' terminus of the salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) RNA genome has been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences show that SPDV shares considerable organizational and sequence identity to members of the genus alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. The SPDV structural proteins encoded by the 5.2-kb region contain a number of unique features when compared to other sequenced alphaviruses. Based on cleavage site homologies, the predicted sizes of the SPDV envelope glycoproteins E2 (438 aa) and E1 (461 aa) are larger than those of other alphaviruses, while the predicted size of the alphavirus 6K protein is 3.2 K (32 aa) in SPDV. The E2 and E1 proteins each carry one putative N-linked glycosylation site, with the site in E1 being found at a unique position. From amino acid sequence comparisons of the SPDV structural region with sequenced alphaviruses overall homology is uniform, ranging from 32 to 33%. While nucleotide sequence analysis of the 26S RNA junction region shows that SPDV is similar to other alphaviruses, analysis of the 3'-nontranslated region reveals that SPDV shows divergence in this region. (+info)Virus infection induces neuronal apoptosis: A comparison with trophic factor withdrawal. (5/604)
Multicellular organisms can employ a number of defences to combat viral replication, the most dramatic being implementation of a cell autonomous apoptotic process. The overall cost to the viability of an organism of losing infected cells by apoptosis may be small if the dying cells can be substituted. In contrast, suicide of irreplaceable cells such as highly specialised neurons may have a more dramatic, even fatal consequence. Previous in vitro approaches to understanding whether neurotropic viruses cause neurons to apoptose have utilised transformed cell lines. These are not in the appropriate state of differentiation to provide an accurate indication of events in vivo. We have chosen to characterise the ability of a model CNS disease-causing virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), to infect and trigger apoptosis in primary cultures of nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent sensory neurons. These cells are known to die when deprived of NGF and constitute a useful indicator of apoptosis. We observe that infection causes cell death which bears the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis, this occurs even in the present of survival promoting NGF and is concomitant with new virus production. Using the TUNEL (transferase dUTP nick end labelling) technique we show that SFV-induced apoptosis involves DNA fragmentation and requires caspase (CED-3/ICE cysteine protease) activation, as does apoptosis induced by NGF-deprivation. Extensive areas of apoptosis, as defined using a combination of ultrastructural analysis and TUNEL occur in infected neonatal mouse brains. The novel evidence that infection of primary neurons with SFV induces apoptosis with activation of one or more caspases defines a system for the further anlaysis of apoptosis regulation in physiologically relevant neurons. (+info)Recombinant Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus efficiently infect neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. (6/604)
Gene transfer into nervous tissue is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function. By using a rat hippocampal slice culture preparation, we show here that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Sindbis virus (SIN) vectors are useful for the effective infection of neurons. The stratum pyramidale and/or the granular cell layer were injected with recombinant virus encoding beta-galactosidase (LacZ) or green fluorescent protein (GFP). By using low concentrations of injected SFV-LacZ or SIN-LacZ, we detected LacZ staining of pyramidal cells, interneurons, and granule cells. About 60% of the infected cells showed clear neuronal morphology; thus, relatively few glial cells expressed the transgene. Expression of GFP from SFV and SIN vectors gave similar results, with an even higher percentage (>90%) of the GFP-positive cells identified as neurons. Infected pyramidal cells were readily recognized in living slices, displaying GFP fluorescence in dendrites of up to fourth order and in dendritic spines. They appeared morphologically normal and viable at 1-5 days postinfection. We conclude that both SFV and SIN vectors efficiently transfer genes into neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. In combination with the GFP reporter, SFV and SIN vectors will allow the physiological examination of identified neurons that have been modified by overexpression or suppression of a specific gene product. (+info)Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network. (7/604)
BHK cells either untreated or infected with Semliki Forest virus have been fractionated on sucrose density gradients. Virus infection caused an increase in density of a membrane fraction enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol, SM synthase and sialyltransferase activity. This increase in density was related to incorporation of viral proteins into this fraction, which is likely to contain trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes. In contrast, glucosylceramide synthase and galactosyltransferase activities (markers for cis/medial and trans-Golgi respectively) underwent no density shift and alkaline phosphodiesterase, a plasma membrane marker, was only slightly density-shifted in infected cells. When cells were incubated with NBD-ceramide to enable them to synthesise NBD-SM and then washed with albumin to remove surface label, fluorescence in untreated cells was concentrated in a single juxtanuclear spot but in infected cells this region of bright fluorescence was larger and extended around the nucleus. After fractionation of these cells, NBD-SM (but only a small proportion of the NBD-ceramide) was found to be shifted into the higher density fraction in infected cells. This work provides further evidence that SM synthase is not mainly localised in the early Golgi cisternae as previously thought, but is associated more with a cholesterol-rich compartment which could be the TGN. (+info)Human MxA protein protects mice lacking a functional alpha/beta interferon system against La crosse virus and other lethal viral infections. (8/604)
The human MxA protein is part of the antiviral state induced by alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). MxA inhibits the multiplication of several RNA viruses in cell culture. However, its antiviral potential in vivo has not yet been fully explored. We have generated MxA-transgenic mice that lack a functional IFN system by crossing MxA-transgenic mice constitutively expressing MxA with genetically targeted (knockout) mice lacking the beta subunit of the IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR-1(-/-) mice). These mice are an ideal animal model to investigate the unique antiviral activity of human MxA in vivo, because they are unable to express other IFN-induced proteins. Here, we show that MxA confers resistance to Thogoto virus, La Crosse virus, and Semliki Forest virus. No Thogoto virus progeny was detectable in MxA-transgenic mice, indicating an efficient block of virus replication at the primary site of infection. In the case of La Crosse virus, MxA restricted invasion of the central nervous system. In contrast, Semliki Forest virus multiplication in the brain was detectable in both MxA-expressing and nonexpressing IFNAR-1(-/-) mice. However, viral titers were clearly reduced in MxA-transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that MxA does not need the help of other IFN-induced proteins for activity but is a powerful antiviral agent on its own. Moreover, the results suggest that MxA may protect humans from potential fatal infections by La Crosse virus and other viral pathogens. (+info)Alphavirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response.
Some of the more common alphaviruses that cause human disease include:
* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): This virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause a fever, rash, and severe joint pain. While most people recover from CHIKV infection within a few weeks, some may experience long-term joint pain and inflammation.
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals, including humans. EEEV can cause severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and coma. It has a high mortality rate of up to 30-50% in infected individuals.
* Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV): This virus is also transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals. WEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It has a lower mortality rate than EEEV but can still cause significant illness.
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on horses and other mammals, including humans. VEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ability to cause severe illness and death in large populations.
There are no specific treatments for alphavirus infections other than supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. Public health efforts also focus on reducing mosquito populations through environmental controls such as eliminating standing water and using insecticides.
Alphaviruses are a genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the family Togaviridae. They are enveloped viruses and have a icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70 nanometers. Alphaviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropods, and can cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, including arthritis, encephalitis, and rash.
Some examples of alphaviruses that can infect humans include Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are usually found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals.
Alphaviruses have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and have a genome that encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1 to nsP4) involved in viral replication, and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1) that form the virion.
Prevention and control of alphavirus infections rely on avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and reducing mosquito breeding sites. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for alphavirus infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalitis virus, but not for others, such as Chikungunya virus.
Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a type of alphavirus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in horses and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although it can also be spread through contact with contaminated food or water, or by aerosolization during laboratory work or in bioterrorism attacks.
VEEV infection can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. There are several subtypes of VEEV, some of which are more virulent than others. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, but outbreaks can also occur in other regions, including the United States.
VEEV is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of transmission through aerosolization and its high virulence. There are no specific treatments for VEEV infection, although supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas, using personal protective equipment during laboratory work with the virus, and implementing strict biocontainment procedures in research settings.
Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) is an alphavirus in the Togaviridae family, which is primarily transmitted to vertebrates through mosquito vectors. The virus was initially isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest of Uganda and has since been found in various parts of Africa and Asia. SFV infection in humans can cause a mild febrile illness characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. However, it is more commonly known for causing severe disease in animals, particularly non-human primates and cattle, where it can lead to encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. SFV has also been used as a model organism in laboratory studies of virus replication and pathogenesis.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The name "Chikungunya" is derived from a Makonde word meaning "to become contorted," which describes the stooped posture developed as a result of severe arthralgia (joint pain) that is a primary symptom of infection with this virus.
CHIKV infection typically causes a febrile illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While the symptoms are usually self-limiting and resolve within 10 days, some individuals may experience persistent or recurring joint pain for several months or even years after the initial infection.
There is no specific antiviral treatment available for Chikungunya virus infection, and management primarily focuses on relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying in air-conditioned or screened rooms, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.
Chikungunya virus is found primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, but it has also caused outbreaks in Europe and the Americas due to the spread of its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus can cause large-scale epidemics, with millions of cases reported during outbreaks. There is currently no approved vaccine for Chikungunya virus infection.
Ross River virus (RRV) is an infectious disease caused by the Ross River virus, which is a type of alphavirus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, and Culex australicus in Australia.
RRV is endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and some islands in the Pacific Ocean. The symptoms of RRV include fever, rash, joint pain and swelling, muscle aches, fatigue, and headache, which can last for several weeks to months. In severe cases, it can lead to chronic arthritis and other long-term complications.
There is no specific treatment for RRV, and management typically involves relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and pain relief medications. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a type of viral encephalitis that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by the western equine encephalitis virus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus.
WEEV is most commonly found in North America, particularly in the western and central regions of the United States and Canada. The virus is maintained in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but it can also infect horses and humans.
In humans, WEEV infection can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis, meningitis, and seizures. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex tarsalis.
The incubation period for WEEV is typically 4-10 days, after which symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Mild cases of WEEV may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases may involve neck stiffness, disorientation, seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage.
There is no specific treatment for WEEV, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours. Public health authorities may also implement mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
In medical terms, "swallowing" refers to the process by which food or liquids are transported from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements. This complex neuromuscular activity involves several structures including the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus.
Dysphagia is a term used to describe difficulty in swallowing, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as neurological disorders, head and neck cancers, or gastrointestinal motility disorders. If not managed properly, dysphagia can lead to complications like malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and decreased quality of life.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "replicon" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. It is a term that is used in the field of molecular biology, where it refers to a segment of DNA that contains an origin of replication. The origin of replication is the site on the DNA molecule where the process of DNA replication is initiated. This concept is important in the fields of genetics and virology, but it is not a term that is commonly used in clinical medicine.
If you have any questions related to the medical field, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Cimicidae is an family of small, wingless insects known as "bed bugs." These parasitic pests feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are typically active at night and can be difficult to detect due to their small size and ability to hide in tight spaces. Infestations of bed bugs can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and psychological distress. It is important to seek professional help for the detection and elimination of bed bugs if an infestation is suspected.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus. It is the causative agent of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a rare but serious viral disease that can affect humans, horses, and some bird species.
EEEV is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Culiseta and Coquillettidia genera. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, primarily passerine birds. Horses and humans are considered dead-end hosts, meaning they do not develop high enough levels of viremia to infect feeding mosquitoes and perpetuate the transmission cycle.
EEE is most commonly found in the eastern and Gulf Coast states of the United States, as well as in parts of Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The disease can cause severe neurological symptoms, including inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), meningitis, and neuritis. In severe cases, EEE can lead to seizures, coma, and death. There is no specific treatment for EEE, and prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito populations and avoiding mosquito bites.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.
"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of horses and humans. The medical definition of VEE encephalomyelitis is as follows:
A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, which primarily affects equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) but can also infect humans. In horses, VEE is characterized by fever, depression, weakness, ataxia, and often death. In humans, VEE can cause a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, and outbreaks can occur when the virus is amplified in equine populations and then transmitted to humans through mosquito vectors. Prevention measures include vaccination of horses and use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. The term "arbovirus" is short for "arthropod-borne virus."
Arboviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the individual host's immune response. Some common symptoms associated with arboviral infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In severe cases, arboviral infections can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or hemorrhagic fever (bleeding disorders).
There are hundreds of different arboviruses, and they are found in many parts of the world. Some of the most well-known arboviral diseases include dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika virus infection, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis.
Prevention of arboviral infections typically involves avoiding mosquito bites and other arthropod vectors through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding times. Public health efforts also focus on reducing vector populations through environmental management and the use of larvicides. Vaccines are available for some arboviral diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.
Togaviridae is a family of single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The most well-known member of this family is the genus Alphavirus, which includes viruses such as Chikungunya, Eastern equine encephalitis, Sindbis, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, and Western equine encephalitis viruses.
Togaviridae infections typically cause symptoms such as fever, rash, arthralgia (joint pain), myalgia (muscle pain), and sometimes more severe manifestations like meningitis or encephalitis, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune status. The transmission of these viruses usually occurs through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although some members of this family can also be transmitted via other arthropod vectors or through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.
Prevention strategies for Togaviridae infections include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes. Vaccines are available for some members of this family, such as the Eastern and Western equine encephalitis viruses, but not for others like Chikungunya virus. Treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications.
"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.
Alphavirus infection
Alphavirus
Mayaro virus disease
IFITM1
Robyn S. Klein
Sindbis virus
Zika fever
Polyarthritis
MRNA vaccine
Ross River (Queensland)
List of skin conditions
List of MeSH codes (C02)
2015-16 Zika virus epidemic
Rio Negro virus
C. J. Peters
Eastern equine encephalitis
Vaccine Research Center
Getah virus
Duck plague
Una virus
Reverse zoonosis
DNA vaccine
DNA shuffling
Pancreas disease in farmed salmon
Chikungunya
Darrick Carter
Barmah Forest virus
Neglected tropical diseases
RNA virus
Defective interfering particle
Togaviridae8
- Alphaviruses (family Togaviridae ) have been recognized as major emerging viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus classified under the arthritogenic group of Alphavirus genus from the Togaviridae family ( Assunção-Miranda, Cruz-Oliveira & Da Poian, 2013 ). (peerj.com)
- Enfermedades víricas producidas por miembros del género ALPHAVIRUS de la familia TOGAVIRIDAE. (bvsalud.org)
- Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE . (bvsalud.org)
- Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with CHIKV, an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. (who.int)
- The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, of the alphavirus genus of the togaviridae virus family. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
- An acute arboviral infection caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family transmitted by an infected mosquito that more frequently affects children and that is characterized by the presence of mild flulike symptoms (fever chills headache nausea vomiting and anorexia) but that can progress to weakness altered mental status photophobia mental confusion seizures somnolence coma and/or even death. (globalgenes.org)
- The causative agent is chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus (family Togaviridae , genus Alphavirus ). (blogspot.com)
Genus2
- Alphavirus is a broad genus of viruses that include Sindbis virus, chikungunya virus, Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, and Semliki Forest virus. (biomedcentral.com)
- The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. (caltech.edu)
Sindbis9
- Alphavirus infection may be caused by a Sindbis virus infection, and result in a cutaneous eruption of multiple, erythematous, 4- to 4-mm papules. (wikipedia.org)
- We report on two patients with rapidly healing eruptions associated with Sindbis virus infection. (nih.gov)
- Arthritis and arthralgia three years after Sindbis virus infection: clinical follow-up of a cohort of 49 patients. (nih.gov)
- The inflammatory response to nonfatal Sindbis virus infection of the nervous system is more severe in SJL than in BALB/c mice and is associated with low levels of IL-4 mRNA and high levels of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. (nih.gov)
- Alphaviruses from Africa, such as Middelburg virus (MIDV), and Sindbis virus (SINV), were detected in horses with neurologic disease in South Africa, but their host ranges remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
- Old World alphaviruses, such as o'nyong nyong virus, chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus (SINV), are associated mostly with arthralgia, although rare infections with neurologic disease have been reported in humans and equids ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- To determine the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in fatal alphavirus-induced paralytic encephalomyelitis, we treated mice infected with neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) with antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) subtypes of glutamate receptors. (nih.gov)
- Complete nucleotide sequence and full-length cDNA clone of S. A. AR86, a South African alphavirus related to Sindbis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Alphaviruses, such as Sindbis virus (SINV), are plus-strand RNA viruses with an enveloped virion of about 70 nm diameter. (biomedcentral.com)
CHIKV8
- By complying the Lipinski's rule of five, hesperetin exhibits drug-like properties which projects its potential as a therapeutic option for CHIKV infection. (peerj.com)
- Some alphaviruses, including the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), are significant global health threats because of their high disease burden, their (re-)emergence, and the lack of vaccines or therapeutics. (researchportal.be)
- Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging Alphavirus which causes millions of human infections every year. (michaelwolfinger.com)
- Previous outbreaks of CHIKV infection have been associated with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti , which is also the vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses. (who.int)
- 2012 ). Despite the millions of people infected with CHIKV and chronic arthralgia, there are no specific treatments or drugs commercially available for individuals infected with Alphaviruses and it is necessary to evaluate plausible treatment options, one of which, that targets the endocannabinoid system. (biomedcentral.com)
- The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused multiple recent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. (utmb.edu)
- They also generated robust neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses to CHIKV in mice after a single dose and protected mice against CHIKV infection. (utmb.edu)
- We conducted genetic analysis to characterize recent CHIKV infections that caused a large nationwide outbreak in the Philippines during 2011-2013. (blogspot.com)
Acute7
- Neuronal damage during acute viral encephalomyelitis can result directly from virus infection or indirectly from the host immune response to infection. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, AMPA receptor-mediated motor neuron death is an important contributor to paralysis and mortality in acute alphavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. (nih.gov)
- 1. Elevated serum immune complex levels in Pogosta disease, an acute alphavirus infection with rash and arthritis. (nih.gov)
- hPIVs are the second main cause of hospitalization due to acute respiratory tract infection in children under five (respiratory syncytial virus ranks first). (researchportal.be)
- The clinical characteristics of chikungunya include acute onset of fever which may last up to two weeks and painful, potentially debilitating, polyarthritis in adults which may last for up to a year following infection. (who.int)
- Acute parvovirus B19 infection has been reported to produce acute symmetric polyarthritis that closely resembles polyarticular RA. (medscape.com)
- These data display that T cell-derived IL-10 is critical for rules of the immune response during an acute lethal CNS alphavirus an infection. (cancerhugs.com)
Arthritogenic4
- Mouse models recapitulate several aspects of arthritogenic alphavirus disease, and we use these models to elucidate mechanism of protection. (nih.gov)
- Arthritogenic alphavirus infection. (nih.gov)
- While the arthritogenic alphaviruses are genetically distinct, cross protection between the related alphaviruses has been observed. (nih.gov)
- Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. (nih.gov)
Viral infection11
- Virus-specific antibodies use multiple mechanisms to limit viral infection. (nih.gov)
- innate responses to viral infection. (nih.gov)
- These efforts may be divided generally into studies of the mechanisms of antiviral humoral immunity (West Nile virus, Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus and most recently Zika virus) and innate responses to viral infection. (nih.gov)
- Molecular basis of viral infection , 129 , 33-62. (ncsu.edu)
- Endogenous RNAs forming secondary double-stranded structures that are released after necrosis and tissue damage after viral infection represent another source of dsRNA molecules reaching the endosomes, inducing host-derived dsRNA-mediated inflammatory responses through TLR-3 recognition (Kawai and Akira, 2010). (datexis.com)
- Treatment of SINV-infected Huh7 cells with CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist (AM251, 10 μM) resulted in a significant decrease in viral replication, while infected cells treated with a CB1 receptor agonist (ACEA, 10 μM) resulted in a significant increase of viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Blocking CB1 receptor activity with 10 μM AM251 reduced viral replication, but activating the CB1 receptor with 10 μM ACEA resulted in an increase in viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, hypothesis-driven investigations should reveal mechanisms of importance in viral infection and host responses. (varbi.com)
- The postdoctoral fellow will have or will develop expertise with classical virology and cell biology methods as well as to contribute to the development of new techniques and methods to study cell biology of viral infection. (varbi.com)
- The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. (caltech.edu)
- Gianotti-Crosti syndrome , also known as infantile papular acrodermatitis , is a reaction of the skin to a viral infection . (mdwiki.org)
Protection against alphaviruses1
- Crowe started with one that causes brain infections - but arrive at basically the same conclusion: The E1 protein could be the key to universal protection against alphaviruses. (technologynetworks.com)
Outbreaks6
- Chikungunya virus was responsible for millions of human infections in new territories, and although the case-fatality rate was low, outbreaks resulted in major illness and long-term sequelae in affected persons ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Large outbreaks of infection have been recorded in humans in South Africa since 1974 ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
- Alphaviruses are emerging and re-emerging positive-sense RNA viruses that have caused explosive outbreaks worldwide. (nih.gov)
- Since MAYV's characterisation in 1954 on the island of Trinidad, it has caused major outbreaks in South American countries, and reports have suggested that cases of MAYV infection may be higher than previously documented owing to similarities between symptoms of the co-circulating Mayaro, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses (CDC). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
- Horses are an important indicator species because increases in EEE and WNV infections in horses often correlate to outbreaks in humans. (msu.edu)
- Chikungunya fever is a mosquitoborne infection that causes large outbreaks mainly in tropical and subtropical countries. (blogspot.com)
Flavivirus2
- They can be subdivided into large supergroups based on the presence of a shared set of domains in their replication proteins [ 1 , 2 ], such as the picornavirus, flavivirus, and alphavirus supergroups. (beds.ac.uk)
- My research interests are studies on mitochondrial physiology of mammalian cells and animal models of virus infections (alphavirus and flavivirus). (oroboros.at)
Mosquito5
- Following the bite of a mosquito, viruses replicate at the site of infection and disseminate to the joint-associated and musculoskeletal tissues. (nih.gov)
- Alphaviruses - mosquito-borne viruses that can trigger brain infections and arthritis - may have met their match. (technologynetworks.com)
- Chikungunya, an alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. (nih.gov)
- Current tools to study mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) include 2D-cell culture systems and in vivo mosquito infection models, which offer great advantages, yet have some limitations. (bvsalud.org)
- While a large number of mosquito-transmitted alphaviruses are known to cause serious human diseases, there are no licensed vaccines that protect against alphavirus infections. (utmb.edu)
Western equine encep1
- New World alphaviruses, such as Western equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, are traditionally associated with severe disease, such as encephalitis and a high mortality rate in humans and horses in the Americas and Australia ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Mice6
- However, only AMPA receptor blockade prevented damage to spinal cord motor neurons and protected mice from paralysis and death due to NSV infection. (nih.gov)
- Using mice, they tested each antibody against two alphaviruses that cause arthritis and three that cause brain infections. (technologynetworks.com)
- The researchers also administered anti-Mxra8 antibodies to mice and infected the mice with chikungunya virus or O'nyong-nyong virus, another alphavirus. (nih.gov)
- The antibody-treated mice had significantly lower levels of virus infection and related foot swelling as compared with a control group. (nih.gov)
- Currently, we are investigating the relationship of hepatic function and oxidative stress in mice infected with dengue virus and the possible implications for the severe forms of infection. (oroboros.at)
- Mice and an infection C57Bl/6J (B6), B6.129P2-Il10tm1Cgn/J (C57Bl/6 IL-10? (cancerhugs.com)
SINV1
- We identified 32 (5.5%) of 608 alphavirus infections (9 SINV and 23 MIDV), mostly in neurotissue of wildlife, domestic animals, and birds. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies13
- Antibodies can bind and neutralize free virus thus preventing infection. (nih.gov)
- Since the structural proteins of alphaviruses stud the surface of infected cells, antibodies can target these infected cells for clearance. (nih.gov)
- Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection is diagnosed on the basis of detection of antibodies by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with confirmation by Western blot and the observation of "flower cells" on the peripheral smear. (medscape.com)
- Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified two antibodies that protect animals from disease caused by alphaviruses. (technologynetworks.com)
- The antibodies worked for every alphavirus tested, meaning they potentially could form the basis of treatments or serve as a template for a universal vaccine. (technologynetworks.com)
- Diamond and colleagues previously identified a group of antibodies that neutralize many members of the arthritis-causing branch of the alphavirus group. (technologynetworks.com)
- But those antibodies didn't work against all of the viruses that cause arthritis and failed entirely against the ones that cause brain infections. (technologynetworks.com)
- To find antibodies that would protect against the whole alphavirus group, Diamond and colleagues - including co-first authors Arthur S. Kim, PhD, then a graduate student, and Natasha M. Kafai, an MD/PhD student - screened a set of antibodies produced by two people who had been infected with chikungunya virus. (technologynetworks.com)
- They tested the antibodies against a panel of alphaviruses representing both branches of the group. (technologynetworks.com)
- Two antibodies recognized all of the alphaviruses tested. (technologynetworks.com)
- Then, they assessed whether the antibodies could prevent arthritis or brain infection in animals. (technologynetworks.com)
- Further experiments showed that the antibodies worked by blocking developing virus particles from exiting one cell en route to infecting another. (technologynetworks.com)
- In a related paper being published in the same issue of Cell, James E. Crowe, MD, of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, also reports that antibodies targeting the E1 protein bind to a wide range of alphaviruses, prevent them from exiting cells and protect animals against both arthritis and brain infections. (technologynetworks.com)
Antibody4
- Indeed, Fc-Fc gamma receptor interactions have been shown to be required for optimal monoclonal antibody therapy during alphavirus infections. (nih.gov)
- This makes alphaviruses a useful model to interrogate antibody effector functions, which can then be applied to other viral systems. (nih.gov)
- 2018). Human Antibody Responses to Emerging Mayaro Virus and Cocirculating Alphavirus Infections Examined by Using Structural Proteins from Nine New and Old World Lineages. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
- Visualization of cell-type dependent results of anti-E2 antibody and interferon-gamma remedies on localization and expression of Broccoli aptamer- tagged alphavirus RNAs. (citologica.org)
Pathogenesis3
- Old and New World alphaviruses cluster in separate phylogenetic groups ( 6 ), but limited information is available about pathogenesis and host range of alphaviruses from Africa and pathogenesis in animals. (cdc.gov)
- The purpose of our study was to investigate the host range and association of alphaviruses from Africa with neurologic disease and death, as well as to increase knowledge on pathogenesis and the zoonotic potential of these 2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Dr. Diamond leads an extremely productive and interdisciplinary research program focused on the pathogenesis of and immunity to viral infections. (nih.gov)
Mammalian1
- While horses account for over 95% of all mammalian, non-human WNV infections, most horses infected with WNV will not develop clinical disease. (msu.edu)
Virus30
- The molecular and cellular aspects of arthritis due to alphavirus infections: lesson learned from Ross River virus. (nih.gov)
- Middelburg virus (MIDV) was discovered in the late 1950s in Aedes species mosquitoes ( 13 ), although it was only linked to disease in 1990 ( 14 ) after MIDV was isolated from a horse with signs of infection with African horse sickness virus in Zimbabwe ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
- Ali Ou Alla S, Combe B. Arthritis after infection with Chikungunya virus. (medscape.com)
- Targeted ablation of exon 2 of the Avian Leukosis Virus-A (ALV-A)receptor gene in a chicken fibroblast cell line by CRISPR abrogates ALV-A infection. (usda.gov)
- In the U.S., the alphavirus we worry most about is chikungunya virus, which can cause debilitating arthritis, but we also do see cases of encephalitis caused by Eastern equine encephalitis virus," said senior author Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD, the Herbert S. Gasser Professor of Medicine and a professor of molecular microbiology and of pathology & immunology. (technologynetworks.com)
- There is strong evidence of a possible association of infection by Zika virus in pregnant women in Brazil and the occurrence of microcephaly in newborn infants. (bvsalud.org)
- Based on the typical clinical features, differential diagnosis for infection by Zika virus is widespread. (bvsalud.org)
- Mayaro virus is an alphavirus in the Togavirus family. (msdmanuals.com)
- The alphavirus capsid protein (Cp) selectively packages genomic RNA (gRNA) into the viral nucleocapsid to produce infectious virus. (nih.gov)
- Scientists have identified a molecule found on human cells and some animal cells that could be a useful target for drugs against chikungunya virus infection and related diseases, according to new research published in the journal Nature . (nih.gov)
- Currently no specific treatment is available for chikungunya virus infection, which can cause fever and debilitating joint pain and arthritis. (nih.gov)
- In this study, scientists aimed to better understand which traits make humans susceptible to chikungunya virus infection. (nih.gov)
- These findings, along with future studies to better understand how chikungunya virus interacts with Mxra8, could help inform development of drugs to treat diseases caused by alphaviruses, according to the authors. (nih.gov)
- The aims of our study were to measure the vector competence of Belgian Culex mosquitoes to WNV and USUV and determine if a naturally acquired Wolbachia infection can influence virus transmission. (bvsalud.org)
- Members of the alphavirus supergroup include human pathogens such as chikungunya virus, hepatitis E virus and rubella virus. (beds.ac.uk)
- Unexpectedly, we detected a sequence homolog of the alphavirus MTase-GTase in taxa related to nodaviruses and to chronic bee paralysis virus. (beds.ac.uk)
- The Institute of Marine Research has investigated the prevalence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV, PD-virus), piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1), piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infections in migrating wild Atlantic salmon postsmolts captured in 2021 in three fjord systems located in three aquaculture production areas (PO2, 3 and 5). (hi.no)
- The results in the current report showed that migrating postsmolts from fjords had a very low occurrence of virus infections common in Norwegian aquaculture. (hi.no)
- These findings complement and corroborate our previously reported data and may suggest that prevalence virus infections in wild salmon postsmolts is not significantly influenced by the occurrence of these infections in fish farming. (hi.no)
- The most common viral diseases in salmon farming are pancreas disease (PD), caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV), infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), caused by ISA virus (ISAV), heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), caused by IPN virus (IPNV). (hi.no)
- Here we studied this effect in Chikungunya virus, which causes millions of human infections every year. (michaelwolfinger.com)
- Sociodemographic and sanitary profile of chikungunya virus infection in medium-sized municipality in Mato Grosso, from January to March 2018, Brasil. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Perfil sociodemográfico y sanitario de la infección por el virus de la chikungunya en un municipio de tamaño medio de Mato Grosso, de enero a marzo de 2018, Brasil. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Introducción: el virus chikunugnya ya se ha identificado en más de 60 países de Asia, África, Europa y América, y la cronicidad después de la enfermedad afecta la vida de los afectados por el virus, así como la sociedad, la economía y la salud pública. (scielo.sa.cr)
- 3) Developing low cost rapid diagnostics to detect emerging virus infections for flaviviruses, alphaviruses, filoviruses, and coronaviruses. (gehrkelab.org)
- 2014 ). Nearly 50% of individuals infected with chikungunya virus report having severe and disabling joint pain even 3 years after the initial infection (Simon et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- The laboratory focuses on the cell biology of virus infection, with a particular interest in alphaviruses (including chikungunya virus) as well as SARS-CoV-2. (varbi.com)
- FeLV enters the body through oral or intranasal infection with virus particles contained in the saliva of FeLV-infected cats and mainly infects lymphocytes in the blood. (biomedcentral.com)
- If the host's immune response is inadequate, the virus persists in the body (focal infection). (biomedcentral.com)
- During 2011-2013, a nationwide outbreak of chikungunya virus infection occurred in the Philippines. (blogspot.com)
Replication5
- In this research proposal we aim to identify new druggable targets in the replication cycle of alphaviruses by a chemobiology approach. (researchportal.be)
- The project will investigate viral replication assays in gut organoids towards their use in exploring novel antiviral strategies to combat noro- and rotavirus infections. (researchportal.be)
- Gut organoids will be implemented to study infection and replication of multiple HuNoV and HRV strains. (researchportal.be)
- The putative MTase-GTase domain of nodaviruses also contains membrane-binding sites that may drive the assembly of viral replication factories, revealing an unsuspected parallel with the alphavirus supergroup. (beds.ac.uk)
- From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. (caltech.edu)
Diagnosis2
- Diagnosis of alphavirus infection is confirmed by specific serology results. (medscape.com)
- In resource limited settings, rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections is critical for managing potential exposures to highly virulent pathogens, whether occurring from an act of bioterrorism or a natural event. (sbir.gov)
Arthritis2
- Alphaviruses cause severe diseases such as encephalitis and arthritis. (researchportal.be)
- MAYV is closely related to other the alphaviruses such as Chikungunya, Semliki Forest and Ross River, that also produce a dengue fever-like illness, accompanied by long-lasting arthritis. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Immunity1
- With respect to the former, his group has made significant contributions to understanding the humoral immunity using animal models of flavi- and alphavirus infections (e.g. (nih.gov)
Encephalitis1
- The other branch of alphaviruses, found in the Americas, includes Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and causes brain infections. (technologynetworks.com)
Genomes1
- The genomes of members of the alphavirus supergroup are 5′-capped, and the hallmark of this supergroup is the presence of a unique type of RNA capping enzyme [ 6 , 7 ], which has combined methyltransferase-guanylyltransferase (MTase-GTase) activity. (beds.ac.uk)
Bacterial2
- Aspiration of the joint is useful to help rule out other conditions, such as crystal arthropathy or bacterial infection. (medscape.com)
- and bacterial and nematode infections. (msu.edu)
Febrile1
- During 2010-2018, a total of 608 clinical samples from wildlife and nonequine domestic animals that had febrile, neurologic signs or unexplained deaths were tested for alphaviruses. (cdc.gov)
Equine1
- While there currently is no cure for EEE or WNV infections, both diseases are preventable in equine populations through routine vaccination. (msu.edu)
Parvovirus2
- Most patients with parvovirus B19 infection do not require laboratory studies because symptoms are mild, and the illness resolves over 5-7 days. (medscape.com)
- Learn more about parvovirus B19 infection. (medscape.com)
Immunology1
- The department conducts research and education in immunology, infection biology, cell biology and cancer. (varbi.com)
Arboviruses1
- Such infections are most commonly caused by herpesviruses, arboviruses and enteroviruses, often leading to severe neurological damage with poor clinical outcomes. (researchportal.be)
Clinical1
- 11. Prevalence of circulating immunecomplexes and variations of complement fractions in HBV, HDV and HCV infections: statistical analysis and clinical correlations. (nih.gov)
Humans1
- In the urban-epidemic cycle, humans are the principal reservoir, and the infection cycle is human to human via the midge vector. (msdmanuals.com)
Vaccines4
- Rapid development of small animal models and understanding of the mechanisms that promote long-term protection to viral infections are critical for the development of vaccines and therapeutic treatments. (nih.gov)
- Most are still uncommon, but together they cause millions of infections and a considerable burden of disease, and we don't have specific therapies or vaccines for any of them. (technologynetworks.com)
- There are no clinically approved vaccines or antivirals available against hPIVs to prevent or treat these infections. (researchportal.be)
- VSVΔG-alphavirus chimeras could have general applicability as alphavirus vaccines. (utmb.edu)
Receptor1
- These results provide evidence that NSV infection activates neurotoxic pathways that result in aberrant glutamate receptor stimulation and neuronal damage. (nih.gov)
Infectious diseases1
- I am an infectious diseases epidemiologist and lead the Emerging Infections and Climate Change Research Unit and Masters' and Doctoral programs in Epidemiological Research at Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. (researchgate.net)