4-Butyrolactone
Streptomyces
Maturation-Promoting Factor
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Meiosis
Enzyme Inhibitors
Oocytes
Sodium Oxybate
Benzocycloheptenes
Butylene Glycols
Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
Contact dermatitis in Alstroemeria workers. (1/836)
Hand dermatitis is common in workers in the horticultural industry. This study determined the prevalence of hand dermatitis in workers of Alstroemeria cultivation, investigated how many workers had been sensitized by tulipalin A (the allergen in Alstroemeria) and took stock of a wide range of determinants of hand dermatitis. The 12-month period prevalence of major hand dermatitis amounted to 29.5% whereas 7.4% had minor dermatitis. Of these workers, 52.1% were sensitized for tulipalin A. Several personal and work-related determinants played a role in the multifactorial aetiology of hand dermatitis. Factors which showed a significant relationship with major hand dermatitis were: female sex, atopic dermatitis, chapped hands and the frequency of washing hands. It may be concluded that the Alstroemeria workers are a population at risk of developing contact dermatitis and it might be useful to carry out an educational campaign to lower the high prevalence. (+info)Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. (2/836)
1. Cacospongionolide B is a novel marine metabolite isolated from the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa. In in vitro studies, this compound inhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2), showing selectivity for secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) versus cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), and its potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) was similar to that of manoalide. 2. This activity was confirmed in vivo in the 8 h zymosan-injected rat air pouch, on the secretory enzyme accumulating in the pouch exudate. Cacospongionolide B, that is bioavailable when is given orally, reduced the elevated levels of sPLA2 present in paw homogenates of rats with adjuvant arthritis. 3. This marine metabolite showed topical anti-inflammatory activity on the mouse ear oedema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) and decreased carrageenin paw oedema in mice after oral administration of 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1). 4. In the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, cacospongionolide B administered into the pouch, induced a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of eicosanoids and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the exudates 4 h after the stimulus. It also had a weak effect on cell migration. 5. The inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis was reduced by cacospongionolide B, which did not significantly affect eicosanoid levels in serum, paw or stomach homogenates and did not induce toxic effects. 6 Cacospongionolide B is a new inhibitor of sPLA2 in vitro and in vivo, with anti-inflammatory properties in acute and chronic inflammation. This marine metabolite was active after oral administration and able to modify TNFalpha levels, and may offer an interesting approach in the search for new anti-inflammatory agents. (+info)Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. (3/836)
BACKGROUND: The mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol are produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on the plant precursor secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, which is found in high concentrations in flaxseed. OBJECTIVE: Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) whether there is a dose response in urinary lignan excretion with increasing flaxseed intake, 2) whether flaxseed processing affects lignan excretion, 3) peak plasma lignan concentrations, and 4) plasma lignan concentrations after chronic supplementation. DESIGN: Nine healthy young women supplemented their diets with 5, 15, or 25 g raw or 25 g processed (muffin or bread) flaxseed for 7 d during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected at baseline and on the final day of supplementation. As an adjunct to the 25-g-flaxseed arm, subjects consumed the supplement for an additional day and blood and urine samples were collected at specific intervals. All blood and urine samples were analyzed for enterolactone and enterodiol by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: A dose-dependent urinary lignan response to raw flaxseed was observed (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). The processing of flaxseed as a muffin or bread did not affect the quantity of lignan excretion. Plasma lignan concentrations were greater (P < or = 0.05) than baseline by 9 h after flaxseed ingestion (29.35+/-3.69 and 51.75+/-7.49 nmol/L, respectively). The total plasma area under the curve was higher on the eighth than on the first day (1840.15+/-343.02 and 1027.15+/-95.71 nmol x h/L, respectively). CONCLUSION: Mammalian lignan production from flaxseed precursors is dependent on time and dose but not on processing. (+info)Evidence that halogenated furanones from Delisea pulchra inhibit acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated gene expression by displacing the AHL signal from its receptor protein. (4/836)
Acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated gene expression controls phenotypes involved in colonization, often specifically of higher organisms, in both marine and terrestrial environments. The marine red alga Delisea pulchra produces halogenated furanones which resemble AHLs structurally and show inhibitory activity at ecologically realistic concentrations in AHL bioassays. Evidence is presented that halogenated furanones displace tritiated OHHL [N-3-(oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone] from Escherichia coli cells overproducing LuxR with potencies corresponding to their respective inhibitory activities in an AHL-regulated bioluminescence assay, indicating that this is the mechanism by which furanones inhibit AHL-dependent phenotypes. Alternative mechanisms for this phenomenon are also addressed. General metabolic disruption was assessed with two-dimensional PAGE, revealing limited non-AHL-related effects. A direct chemical interaction between the algal compounds and AHLs, as monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, was shown not to occur in vitro. These results support the contention that furanones, at the concentrations produced by the alga, can control bacterial colonization of surfaces by specifically interfering with AHL-mediated gene expression at the level of the LuxR protein. (+info)Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone--Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998-1999. (5/836)
Products containing gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are marketed for many claimed purposes, including to induce sleep, release growth hormone, enhance sexual activity and athletic performance, relieve depression, and prolong life. GBL is converted by the body into gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a drug banned outside of clinical trials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recognized manifestations of GHB toxicity include bradycardia, hypothermia, central nervous system depression, and uncontrolled movements. This report describes seven cases of GBL toxicity involving the product "Revivarant," which is labeled as containing 1.82 g of GBL per fluid ounce, reported from two hospital emergency departments (EDs) in Minnesota during October-December 1998 and summarizes an additional 34 cases of GBL toxicity reported to poison centers in New Mexico and Texas during October 1998-January 1999. (+info)Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) without subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava. (6/836)
A Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava strain was able to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] having a high level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid monomer unit (4HB) from gamma-butyrolactone. In a two-step process in which the first step involved production of cells containing a minimum amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB)] and the second step involved polyester accumulation from the lactone, approximately 5 to 10 mol% of the 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) derived from the first-step culture was unavoidably reincorporated into the polymer in the second cultivation step. Reincorporation of the 3HB units produced from degradation of the first-step residual P(3HB) was confirmed by high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In order to synthesize 3HB-free poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(4HB)] homopolymer, a three-stage cultivation technique was developed by adding a nitrogen addition step, which completely removed the residual P(3HB). The resulting polymer was free of 3HB. However, when the strain was grown on gamma-butyrolactone as the sole carbon source in a synthesis medium, a copolyester of P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 45 mol% 3HB was produced. One-step cultivation on gamma-butyrolactone required a rather long induction time (3 to 4 days). On the basis of the results of an enzymatic study performed with crude extracts, we suggest that the inability of cells to produce 3HB in the multistep culture was due to a low level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HBA) dehydrogenase activity, which resulted in a low level of acetyl coenzyme A. Thus, 3HB formation from gamma-butyrolactone is driven by a high level of 4HBA dehydrogenase activity induced by long exposure to gamma-butyrolactone, as is the case for a one-step culture. In addition, intracellular degradation kinetics studies showed that P(3HB) in cells was completely degraded within 30 h of cultivation after being transferred to a carbon-free mineral medium containing additional ammonium sulfate, while P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 5 mol% 3HB and 95 mol% 4HB was totally inert in interactions with the intracellular depolymerases. Intracellular inertness could be a useful factor for efficient synthesis of the P(4HB) homopolymer and of 4HB-rich P(3HB-co-4HB) by the strain used in this study. (+info)Promotion of antibiotic production by high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or heat shock in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. (7/836)
A stress imposed by a continuous feed of high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or a high temperature shock increased antibiotic production by several times in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. A tentative bioassay showed that the stress caused about 40-fold elevation in the autoinducer activity. Addition of synthetic autoinducers, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone at a concentration of more than 100 micrograms/l to a non-stressed culture also increased the antibiotic production by several times. These results suggested that the antibiotic production in P. fluorescens S272 was regulated by N-acyl-homoserine lactone and the promotive effect by stress occurred through any function that increased the autoinducer production. (+info)Acyl homoserine-lactone quorum-sensing signal generation. (8/836)
Acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorum-sensing control of gene expression. These signals are synthesized by members of the LuxI family of proteins. To understand the mechanism of acyl-HSL synthesis we have purified the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI protein and analyzed the kinetics of acyl-HSL synthesis by this enzyme. Purified RhlI catalyzes the synthesis of acyl-HSLs from acyl-acyl carrier proteins and S-adenosylmethionine. An analysis of the patterns of product inhibition indicated that RhlI catalyzes signal synthesis by a sequential, ordered reaction mechanism in which S-adenosylmethionine binds to RhlI as the initial step in the enzymatic mechanism. Because pathogenic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa use acyl-HSL signals to regulate virulence genes, an understanding of the mechanism of signal synthesis and identification of inhibitors of signal synthesis has implications for development of quorum sensing-targeted antivirulence molecules. (+info)4-Butyrolactone, also known as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or 1,4-butanolide, is a chemical compound with the formula C4H6O2. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used in various industrial and commercial applications, including as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, as a solvent, and as a flavoring agent.
In the medical field, 4-butyrolactone has been studied for its potential use as a sleep aid and muscle relaxant. However, it is not currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for these uses. It is also known to have abuse potential and can cause intoxication, sedation, and other central nervous system effects when ingested or inhaled.
It's important to note that 4-butyrolactone is not a medication and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional for approved medical purposes.
Butyrophenones are a group of synthetic antipsychotic drugs that are primarily used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They act as dopamine receptor antagonists, which means they block the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with mood, motivation, and pleasure.
Some examples of butyrophenones include haloperidol, droperidol, and benperidol. These drugs are known for their potent antipsychotic effects and can also be used to manage agitation, aggression, and other behavioral disturbances in patients with various psychiatric and neurological disorders.
In addition to their antipsychotic properties, butyrophenones have been used off-label for their sedative and analgesic effects. However, they are associated with a range of side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as involuntary muscle spasms and tremors, as well as other neurological and cardiovascular adverse reactions. Therefore, their use is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective or contraindicated.
Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their complex morphology, forming branching filaments called hyphae that can differentiate into long chains of spores.
Streptomyces species are particularly notable for their ability to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, antifungals, and other therapeutic compounds. In fact, many important antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are derived from Streptomyces species.
Because of their industrial importance in the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, Streptomyces have been extensively studied and are considered model organisms for the study of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and ecology.
Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of cell biology and cancer research. MPF refers to a complex of two proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, specifically during the transition from the G2 phase to mitosis (M phase).
MPF is composed of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) and a regulatory subunit called cyclin B. During the late G2 phase, the levels of cyclin B increase, which leads to the activation of CDK1. Once activated, MPF triggers a series of events that promote mitosis, including chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and spindle formation.
In summary, Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is a protein complex made up of CDK1 and cyclin B, which regulates the transition from the G2 phase to mitosis during the cell cycle.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle, transcription, and other cellular processes. They are activated by binding to cyclin proteins, which accumulate and degrade at specific stages of the cell cycle. The activation of CDKs leads to phosphorylation of various downstream target proteins, resulting in the promotion or inhibition of different cell cycle events. Dysregulation of CDKs has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, and they are considered important targets for drug development.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is a key process in sexual reproduction, where it generates gametes or sex cells (sperm and eggs).
The process of meiosis involves one round of DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair, form chiasma and exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate from each other. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, leading to the formation of four haploid cells. This process ensures genetic diversity in offspring by shuffling and recombining genetic information during the formation of gametes.
Enzyme inhibitors are substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity, preventing it from catalyzing a chemical reaction in the body. They can work by several mechanisms, including blocking the active site where the substrate binds, or binding to another site on the enzyme to change its shape and prevent substrate binding. Enzyme inhibitors are often used as drugs to treat various medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and bacterial infections. They can also be found naturally in some foods and plants, and can be used in research to understand enzyme function and regulation.
An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.
Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant, which is a sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate monosodium salt or sodium GHB. Sodium oxybate is used in the medical field for the treatment of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone). It is sold under the brand name Xyrem.
Sodium oxybate works by affecting the neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness. The medication is available only through a restricted distribution program due to its potential for abuse and dependence. It is usually taken at night in two doses, one at bedtime and the other about 2.5 to 4 hours later.
It's important to note that sodium oxybate has a high potential for misuse and addiction, and it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
Benzocycloheptenes are organic compounds that contain a benzene fused to a seven-membered carbocycle. In other words, it is a chemical structure consisting of a benzene ring (a cyclic compound made up of six carbon atoms joined by alternating double bonds) attached to a seven-membered saturated or unsaturated ring.
These compounds are found in various natural and synthetic substances and can have a range of biological activities. Some benzocycloheptenes have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety of these compounds.
Hydroxybutyrates are compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group. More specifically, in the context of clinical medicine and biochemistry, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is often referred to as a "ketone body."
Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during periods of low carbohydrate availability, such as during fasting, starvation, or a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. BHB is one of three major ketone bodies, along with acetoacetate and acetone. These molecules serve as alternative energy sources for the brain and other tissues when glucose levels are low.
In some pathological states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, the body produces excessive amounts of ketone bodies, leading to a life-threatening metabolic acidosis. Elevated levels of BHB can also be found in other conditions like alcoholism, severe illnesses, and high-fat diets.
It is important to note that while BHB is a hydroxybutyrate, not all hydroxybutyrates are ketone bodies. The term "hydroxybutyrates" can refer to any compound containing both a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group.
Butylene glycols are a type of organic compounds that belong to the class of diols, which are chemical compounds containing two hydroxyl groups. Specifically, butylene glycols are composed of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl groups located on adjacent carbon atoms.
There are two isomeric forms of butylene glycol: 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol.
* 1,2-Butanediol (also known as 1,2-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and second carbon atoms of the chain. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
* 1,3-Butanediol (also known as 1,3-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and third carbon atoms of the chain. It is also a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
Butylene glycols are generally considered to be safe for use in cosmetics and other consumer products, although they may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. They are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as polyesters and polyurethanes.
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Specifically, SSDH catalyzes the conversion of succinic semialdehyde to succinate in the final step of the GABA degradation pathway. This enzyme plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of GABA levels in the brain and is therefore essential for normal neurological function. Deficiencies or mutations in SSDH can lead to neurological disorders, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and preventing excessive neuronal firing, which helps to maintain neural homeostasis and reduce the risk of seizures. GABA functions by binding to specific receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C) on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals.
In addition to its role in the central nervous system, GABA has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in regulating various physiological processes such as muscle relaxation, hormone secretion, and immune function.
GABA can be synthesized in neurons from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, through the action of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Once synthesized, GABA is stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synapse upon neuronal activation. After release, GABA can be taken up by surrounding glial cells or degraded by the enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) into succinic semialdehyde, which is further metabolized to form succinate and enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.
Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, modulating GABAergic signaling through pharmacological interventions or other therapeutic approaches may offer potential benefits for the treatment of these conditions.
Gamma-Butyrolactone
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
Embutramide
2-Acetylbutyrolactone
Expanding monomer
Γ-Valerolactone
Polyorthoester
SCH-50911
1,4-Butanediol
Diisopropyl ether
3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate
List of MeSH codes (D03)
GABA receptor agonist
C4H6O2
1,2,4-Butanetriol
Aceburic acid
Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid
Succinic acid
1-Tetralone
Ethyl acetoxy butanoate
Fischer carbene
Smart cosubstrate
Ethanol fermentation
Beer
Helenin
Ritanserin
Streptomyces virginiae
List of EC numbers (EC 1)
Tetronic acid
GHB receptor
4-Lactone I 4-Butyrolactone Archives - Buy Crystal Meth Online| Buy MMB-022 Online | Buy Methylone Crystal
Sell 1,4-Butanediol BDO cas 110-63-4 Biggest Supplier in China Reliable supplier Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) CAS 96-48-0 -...
γ-butyrolactone, N-methyl pyrrolidone, α-pyrrolidone and PVP series,propylene glycol,1,4-Butylene glycol .-Binzhou City Zhanhua...
Gamma-Butyrolactone - Wikipedia
CEA-Liten - Liquid molecules that can absorb and release hydrogen
"The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of \\\\gamma-Butyrolactone De" by SLOBODAN SUKDOLAK, SLAVICA SOLUJIC-SUKDOLAK et al.
Search Results
US11103159B2 - Exhaled breath hypoxia biomarkers - Google Patents
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Workplace Medical Mystery:Blurry vision affects a print press operator | Blogs | CDC
ICSC 1020 - gamma-BUTYROLACTONE
1,4 Butanediol Market Size | Industry Forecast, 2028
RCSB PDB - 4EHQ: Crystal Structure of Calmodulin Binding Domain of Orai1 in Complex with Ca2+/Calmodulin Displays a Unique...
Urban Dictionary: Rufie
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery...
Arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate,Arabinofuranosyluracil Suppliers & Manufacturers
Buy GBL (Gamma butyrolactone) Wheel Clea, transportation type: Open.
21 U.S.C. § 841 - U.S. Code Title 21. Food and Drugs § 841 | FindLaw
Conformational diversity of the THF molecule in N2 matrix by means of FTIR matrix isolation experiment and Car-Parrinello...
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 8490 : Preliminary Web-Based Measures Development for GHB: Expectancies, Functions, and Withdrawal...
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 8490 : Preliminary Web-Based Measures Development for GHB: Expectancies, Functions, and Withdrawal...
QUALITY GBL WHEEL CLEANER (GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE) | View Thread | AdlandPro Community
Sesquiterpene Lactones Isolated from Carpesium Abrotanoides L. by LC-MS Combined with HSCCC Inhibit Liver Cancer Through...
High energy supercapattery with an ionic liquid solution of LiClO4 - Faraday Discussions (RSC Publishing)
Conversion of Cellulose into Value-Added Products | IntechOpen
99.9% pure GBL Gamma-Butyrolactone GBL,GHB,BDO Alloy wheel cleaner Suppliers - Comunidad de Anuncios
Gbl gamma butyrolactone wheel cleaner for sale in - SabayLok
Hygroscopic colorless3
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (wikipedia.org)
- gamma-Butyrolactone, -Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquidwith a weak characteristic. (alphabayurls.com)
- Recreational drug gamma-Butyrolactone, -Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (alphabayurls.com)
Cleaner2
- Buy GBL (Gamma butyrolactone) Wheel Cleaner and other related chemicals. (collectioncar.com)
- There are typically three specific 'chems' (drugs) involved: Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), Mephedrone (Meth), GHB and GBL (G). It is mainly used as an intermediate in the GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is buy gbl cleaner, how to clean the alloy wheels, alloy wheel cleaner used drug. (alphabayurls.com)
Gamma-Hydr1
- Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring, 4-carbon compound with a structure similar to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (medscape.com)
Precursor4
- Butyrolactone is principally a precursor to other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- GHB is manufactured readily from its precursor, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). (medscape.com)
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are precursor chemicals that are rapidly converted (half-life approximately 1min) to the intoxicant gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) when ingested into the human body. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
- In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiology of P4HB synthesis, and to reduce the total production cost by using cheap and widely available xylose as the growth substrate and sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate (Na-4HB) as the precursor for P4HB synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Solvent4
- Butyrolactone, with its wide liquid range, chemical stability, and high dielectric constant, is used in electrolytic capacitors as the organic solvent. (wikipedia.org)
- Usage: r-butyrolactone is one kind of important fine chemicalintermediate, simultaneously also is one kind of performance fine highboiling point solvent, ideal antioxidant, plasticizer,extracting agent, absorbent, dispersing agent, solid stain, Coagulation Reagent. (curepharmas.com)
- GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is used, among other things, as a solvent for polymers, including acrylic fibre, cellulose acetate and polystyrene, as thinner in nail polish remover, paint strippers and adhesives (such as instant glue or super glue). (chemglobalexport.com)
- Gamma-butyrolactone is also a solvent in electrolytic capacitors. (chemglobalexport.com)
Butanediol24
- γ-Butyrolactone is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol at a temperature of 180-300 °C and atmospheric pressure in the presence of a copper catalyst. (wikipedia.org)
- whereas the related compound 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B) tends to be slightly less potent and slower to take effect but longer-acting than GHB. (wikipedia.org)
- Public health measures to inform young people of the risks of GHB and governmental restrictions on the sale of GHB and its precursors (GBL and 1,4-butanediol [1,4-BD]) have been helpful in promoting this decrease. (medscape.com)
- 1,4 Butanediol known as BD is a primary alcohol as well as an organic compound that is used in the manufacturing of many industrial applications such as plastics, pesticides, medicine, solvents, makeup and others. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- The formula for 1,4 Butanediol is HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.The worldwide use of 1,4 Butanediol for Industrial and medicinal manufacturing are the factors that drives the 1,4 Butanediol Market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- In tiny doses, 1,4-butanediol is harmless. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- 1,4 Butanediol, extensively used for the manufacturing of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) has suffered immensely because demand for polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was drastically affected, due to the downfall of the automotive industry. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Due to COVID-19, the global 1,4 butanediol market was negatively impacted. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- thus, COVID-19 is one the top factors that impacted the 1,4 butanediol market greatly. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Ashland is increasing prices on 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) and several derivative products such as gamma Butyrolactone, n-methyl-pyrrolidone and 2 pyrrolidone. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- The production factory for 1,4 Butanediol in Chiba, Japan, will be shut down by a joint venture between BASF and Idemitsu. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) in Chiba, Japan. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- The global 1,4 butanediol market is expected to witness a boom in the following few years owing to increase in its demand across the globe. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Many countries such as India, Japan, and China, have decided to take new initiatives for the automotive industry, which is expected to lead to a favorable situation for the 1,4 Butanediol market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- This study presents the analytical depiction of the 1,4-butanediol industry along with the current trends and future estimations to determine the imminent investment pockets. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- The report presents information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities along with detailed analysis of the 1,4 Butanediol market share. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- GHB and two similar substances, gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (BD) have been linked to poisonings, overdoses, date rapes, and deaths. (urbandictionary.com)
- Much of what is understood regarding gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) treatment is based on hospital case studies for overdose and withdrawal, and there are currently no measures developed specifically for GHB or its analogs (e.g., gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol) to assess drug effect expectancies, reasons for starting use, withdrawal effects, and knowledge and opinions about use. (erowid.org)
- Ingredients in GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol, can also be converted by the body into GHB. (emsaonline.com)
- GB (with its like chemical 1,4-butanediol - known as 1,4-BD) are Class C controlled drugs. (knowthescore.info)
- On January 27, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested comments on a recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to classify two common industrial solvents - gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) - as psychotropic substances under Schedule I of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. (bdlaw.com)
- The Home Office will also bring forward legislation around two substances that can be converted to GHB on ingestion - gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). (policeprofessional.com)
- Gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol are chemical precursors of GHB. (emdocs.net)
- The regulations only concern gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Lactone3
- It is the simplest 4-carbon lactone. (wikipedia.org)
- Three sesquiterpene lactone compounds, 2 α ,5 α -dihydroxy-11 α H-eudesma-4(15)-en-12,8 β -olide ( 1 ), telekin ( 2 ), oxoeudesm-11(13)-eno-12,8 α -lactone ( 3 ) were obtained. (researchsquare.com)
- Gamma-butyrolactone is an organic compound, more specifically a lactone, with the gross formula C4H6O2. (chemglobalexport.com)
Skip1
- If you want to print non-editable, skip to step 4. (caipm.org)
Chemicals1
- As GBL and 1,4-BD are chemicals used in industry they will continue to be available for legitimate use. (knowthescore.info)
Synthesis3
- To bypass GHB restriction laws, home synthesis kits were introduced to transform GBL and/or 1,4-B into GHB. (wikipedia.org)
- The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of \\\\gamma-Butyrolactone De" by SLOBODAN SUKDOLAK, SLAVICA SOLUJIC-SUKDOLAK et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- This paper examines the synthesis of \gamma-butyrolactone compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9, and their potential antimicrobial nature and ability. (tubitak.gov.tr)
P4HB3
- It is claimed that poly(GBL) is competitive with commercial biomaterial poly(4-hydroxybutyrate), or P4HB. (wikipedia.org)
- Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB), belonging to the family of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), is a strong, flexible and absorbable material which has a large variety of medical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among them, poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) is a highly interesting polymer for various biomedical applications [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
20221
- By K Rochford 2022 Cited by 4 It was observed that the concentrations of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) Drugs were applied for 13 min with a ValveLink 8 perfusion system. (alphabayurls.com)
Textile1
- Gamma-butyrolactone is an excipient for the painting of textile fibres and polymerisation initiator and is suitable for many applications. (chemglobalexport.com)
Methyl2
- It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
- 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and behavioral impairment in rodents. (researchgate.net)
Typically1
- The effects typically last up to 4 hours, depending on the dosage. (emsaonline.com)
Polymer1
- These compounds then may go on to form the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (wikipedia.org)
Drug1
- Gbl drug wiki Media in category "Gamma-butyrolactone" CBP Officers in Jacksonville Seize "Date Rape" Drug Ingredient. (alphabayurls.com)
Industrial1
- Exceptions to the requirement for a permit apply to the person who handles mixtures containing GBL and/or 1,4-BD for industrial or scientific purposes and who meets the demands of the exception to the requirement for a permit in accordance with 2 § of the regulations. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Product1
- It is estimated that ACD affects early product development, these tools are a significant proportion of the general population based largely on the theoretical predictions of (approximately 1%) (4, 5). (cdc.gov)
Wheel1
- Buy GBL (Gamma butyrolactone) Wheel Clea, transportation type: Open. (collectioncar.com)
Print1
- 4. Print and cut. (caipm.org)
Hours1
- Clonidine 0.1-0.2 mg every 4-8 hours also decreases the severity of symptoms. (medscape.com)
Hygroscopic4
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (wikipedia.org)
- Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (thorpharmaceuticals.com)
- butyrolactone is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a weak characteristic odor and is soluble in water. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
- Physically, 1,4 Butyleneglycol is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a barely noticeable characteristic odor. (atamanchemicals.com)
Ring-opening polymerization of butyr1
- The ring-opening polymerization of butyrolactone gives polybutyrolactone. (wikipedia.org)
Gamma hydroxybutyrate5
- In primary conditions, such as when immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution, γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, which is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. (researchem.net)
- G is the name given to the drugs GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) and GBL (gamma butyrolactone). (bigdarknetdrugmarket.com)
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) ( figure 1 ), a prodrug of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), is increasingly being used as a recreational drug as it is cheap, easily available and has relaxant and sexual effects. (njmonline.nl)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol's used as a source of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a recreational drug with euphoric and sedative effects. (atamanchemicals.com)
- We are specialised in the sale of Gamma-Butyrolactone(GBL) and Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate(GHB). (gblmagic.com)
Colourless2
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as γ-butyrolactone, is a colourless liquid that readily absorbs moisture from the air and has a faint, distinct odour. (researchem.net)
- 4-hydroxybutyric gbl drug wiki colourless liquid used as a solvent or reagent in various industrial uses, as well as a recreational drug. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
Solubility in water1
- These alcohol substitutions make 1,4 Butyleneglycol a polar liquid, which explains 1,4 Butyleneglycol good solubility in water. (atamanchemicals.com)
Colorless liquid1
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol occurs as a thick, colorless liquid or solid depending on storage temperature (melting point of 16 ℃), and has a distinct bitter-sweet taste. (atamanchemicals.com)
Precursors1
- Precursors: Gamma butyrolactone (GBL). (bigdarknetdrugmarket.com)
Tetrahydrofuran2
- In laboratory settings, an alternative method for obtaining γ-Butyrolactone is through the oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF), for instance, using aqueous sodium bromate. (researchem.net)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol's largest use is within tetrahydrofuran (THF) production, used to make polytetramethylene ether glycol, which goes mainly into spandex fibers, urethane elastomers, and copolyester ethers. (atamanchemicals.com)
Solvents2
- GBL and 1,4-BD are industrial solvents, and like other abused solvents, their supply is difficult to control. (nih.gov)
- BDO and 1,4 Butyleneglycol's derivatives are widely used for producing plastics, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibers. (atamanchemicals.com)
Oxidation1
- Analyses of THF-C 60 and THF-water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry did not detect THF but found THF oxidation products γ-butyrolactone and tetrahydro-2-furanol. (nih.gov)
Toxicity3
- Three male mice and one female receiving 1,050 mg/kg died from g -butyrolactone toxicity during the studies. (nih.gov)
- Toxicity of γ-butyrolactone (72-hr lethal concentration predicted to kill 50% was 47 ppm) indicated effects in THF treatments can result from γ-butyrolactone toxicity. (nih.gov)
- This research is the first to link toxic effects directly to a THF degradation product (γ-butyrolactone) rather than to C 60 and may explain toxicity attributed to C 60 in other investigations. (nih.gov)
Polymers1
- g -Butyrolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of polymers used as film formers in hair sprays, blood plasma extenders, and clarifying agents in beer and wine. (nih.gov)
Grams1
- 4 grams to 14 grams = 3 year minimum mandatory sentence. (rubinolaw.com)
Controlled substance1
- 1 , 2 4,4'-DMAR is a less common alternative to 4-methylaminorex, although the latter is an internationally controlled substance. (3mmcbuy4mmc.com)
Prodrug2
- Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) has gained attention for its potential to increase the secretion of sleep-related growth hormone (GH) as it serves as a prodrug of GHB. (researchem.net)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol (also known as 1,4-B, BDO, BD or 1,4-BD) is a depressant substance and a prodrug for GHB. (atamanchemicals.com)
Yields2
- In thermoplastic urethane elastomers, 1,4-BDO yields crystalline urethane domains which readily melt and flow at elevated temperatures but phase separate at ambient temperatures in order to yield tough elastometric networks. (welinkschem.com)
- 1,4-BDO yields polyesters with excellent adhesive and cohesive strength. (welinkschem.com)
Intermediate2
- It is mainly used as an intermediate in the GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is buy gbl cleaner, how to clean the alloy wheels, alloy wheel cleaner used drug. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol is a high-quality intermediate. (atamanchemicals.com)
Manufacture1
- 1,4-BDO is used to manufacture polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), thermoplastic copolyester elastomers or as a component of polyesters or as a chain extender in polyurethanes. (welinkschem.com)
Fibres1
- Gamma-butyrolactone is an excipient for the painting of textile fibres and polymerisation initiator and is suitable for many applications. (thorpharmaceuticals.com)
Urethane elastomers1
- Cast urethane elastomers continue to be a major end use of 1,4-BDO because of overall consistency and reliability. (welinkschem.com)
Alcohol3
- On October 31, 1998, a 24-year-old man (patient 4) and a 26-year- old man (patient 5) each drank 10-13 oz of Revivarant while drinking alcohol at a bar. (cdc.gov)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol is comprised of a butane chain of four carbon groups with an alcohol group bound to each terminal carbon of this chain. (atamanchemicals.com)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol is named for these alcohol substitutions, which are located at R1 and R4. (atamanchemicals.com)
Acid2
- 1,4-BDO is a key component of copolyesters of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid used in hot melt adhesive applications. (welinkschem.com)
- Bioassay-guided fractionations of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract against α-glucosidase and DPPH free radical to give four isolated compounds: oleic acid ( 1 ), ergosterol ( 2 ), butyrolactone I ( 3 ), and butyrolactone II ( 4 ). (ugm.ac.id)
Polyester1
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol is used as a cross-linking agent for thermoplastic urethanes, polyester plasticizers, paints and coatings. (atamanchemicals.com)
Hazard2
- Also, the 1,4-BDO/MDI systems provide a lower exposure hazard than MOCA/TDI systems. (welinkschem.com)
- however, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has declared 1,4-BD a Class I Health Hazard. (nih.gov)
Compounds3
- These compounds then may go on to form the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (wikipedia.org)
- These compounds can subsequently contribute to the formation of the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) and the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (researchem.net)
- 1,4 Butyleneglycol is classified as a subclass of alcoholic compounds called diols. (atamanchemicals.com)
Water1
- BETA-BUTYROLACTONE is hydrolyzed by water and aqueous alkali. (chemicalbook.com)