One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.
Compounds containing phenyl-1-butanone.
A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.
Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.
Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.
Benzocycloheptenes are organic compounds characterized by a seven-membered carbocyclic ring fused with a benzene ring, forming a bicyclic structure, and can be found as core structures in various natural and synthetic bioactive molecules.
Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.
4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.
An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Contact dermatitis in Alstroemeria workers. (1/836)

Hand dermatitis is common in workers in the horticultural industry. This study determined the prevalence of hand dermatitis in workers of Alstroemeria cultivation, investigated how many workers had been sensitized by tulipalin A (the allergen in Alstroemeria) and took stock of a wide range of determinants of hand dermatitis. The 12-month period prevalence of major hand dermatitis amounted to 29.5% whereas 7.4% had minor dermatitis. Of these workers, 52.1% were sensitized for tulipalin A. Several personal and work-related determinants played a role in the multifactorial aetiology of hand dermatitis. Factors which showed a significant relationship with major hand dermatitis were: female sex, atopic dermatitis, chapped hands and the frequency of washing hands. It may be concluded that the Alstroemeria workers are a population at risk of developing contact dermatitis and it might be useful to carry out an educational campaign to lower the high prevalence.  (+info)

Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. (2/836)

1. Cacospongionolide B is a novel marine metabolite isolated from the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa. In in vitro studies, this compound inhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2), showing selectivity for secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) versus cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), and its potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) was similar to that of manoalide. 2. This activity was confirmed in vivo in the 8 h zymosan-injected rat air pouch, on the secretory enzyme accumulating in the pouch exudate. Cacospongionolide B, that is bioavailable when is given orally, reduced the elevated levels of sPLA2 present in paw homogenates of rats with adjuvant arthritis. 3. This marine metabolite showed topical anti-inflammatory activity on the mouse ear oedema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) and decreased carrageenin paw oedema in mice after oral administration of 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1). 4. In the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, cacospongionolide B administered into the pouch, induced a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of eicosanoids and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the exudates 4 h after the stimulus. It also had a weak effect on cell migration. 5. The inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis was reduced by cacospongionolide B, which did not significantly affect eicosanoid levels in serum, paw or stomach homogenates and did not induce toxic effects. 6 Cacospongionolide B is a new inhibitor of sPLA2 in vitro and in vivo, with anti-inflammatory properties in acute and chronic inflammation. This marine metabolite was active after oral administration and able to modify TNFalpha levels, and may offer an interesting approach in the search for new anti-inflammatory agents.  (+info)

Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. (3/836)

BACKGROUND: The mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol are produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on the plant precursor secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, which is found in high concentrations in flaxseed. OBJECTIVE: Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) whether there is a dose response in urinary lignan excretion with increasing flaxseed intake, 2) whether flaxseed processing affects lignan excretion, 3) peak plasma lignan concentrations, and 4) plasma lignan concentrations after chronic supplementation. DESIGN: Nine healthy young women supplemented their diets with 5, 15, or 25 g raw or 25 g processed (muffin or bread) flaxseed for 7 d during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected at baseline and on the final day of supplementation. As an adjunct to the 25-g-flaxseed arm, subjects consumed the supplement for an additional day and blood and urine samples were collected at specific intervals. All blood and urine samples were analyzed for enterolactone and enterodiol by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: A dose-dependent urinary lignan response to raw flaxseed was observed (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). The processing of flaxseed as a muffin or bread did not affect the quantity of lignan excretion. Plasma lignan concentrations were greater (P < or = 0.05) than baseline by 9 h after flaxseed ingestion (29.35+/-3.69 and 51.75+/-7.49 nmol/L, respectively). The total plasma area under the curve was higher on the eighth than on the first day (1840.15+/-343.02 and 1027.15+/-95.71 nmol x h/L, respectively). CONCLUSION: Mammalian lignan production from flaxseed precursors is dependent on time and dose but not on processing.  (+info)

Evidence that halogenated furanones from Delisea pulchra inhibit acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated gene expression by displacing the AHL signal from its receptor protein. (4/836)

Acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated gene expression controls phenotypes involved in colonization, often specifically of higher organisms, in both marine and terrestrial environments. The marine red alga Delisea pulchra produces halogenated furanones which resemble AHLs structurally and show inhibitory activity at ecologically realistic concentrations in AHL bioassays. Evidence is presented that halogenated furanones displace tritiated OHHL [N-3-(oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone] from Escherichia coli cells overproducing LuxR with potencies corresponding to their respective inhibitory activities in an AHL-regulated bioluminescence assay, indicating that this is the mechanism by which furanones inhibit AHL-dependent phenotypes. Alternative mechanisms for this phenomenon are also addressed. General metabolic disruption was assessed with two-dimensional PAGE, revealing limited non-AHL-related effects. A direct chemical interaction between the algal compounds and AHLs, as monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, was shown not to occur in vitro. These results support the contention that furanones, at the concentrations produced by the alga, can control bacterial colonization of surfaces by specifically interfering with AHL-mediated gene expression at the level of the LuxR protein.  (+info)

Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone--Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998-1999. (5/836)

Products containing gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are marketed for many claimed purposes, including to induce sleep, release growth hormone, enhance sexual activity and athletic performance, relieve depression, and prolong life. GBL is converted by the body into gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a drug banned outside of clinical trials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recognized manifestations of GHB toxicity include bradycardia, hypothermia, central nervous system depression, and uncontrolled movements. This report describes seven cases of GBL toxicity involving the product "Revivarant," which is labeled as containing 1.82 g of GBL per fluid ounce, reported from two hospital emergency departments (EDs) in Minnesota during October-December 1998 and summarizes an additional 34 cases of GBL toxicity reported to poison centers in New Mexico and Texas during October 1998-January 1999.  (+info)

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) without subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava. (6/836)

A Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava strain was able to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] having a high level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid monomer unit (4HB) from gamma-butyrolactone. In a two-step process in which the first step involved production of cells containing a minimum amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB)] and the second step involved polyester accumulation from the lactone, approximately 5 to 10 mol% of the 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) derived from the first-step culture was unavoidably reincorporated into the polymer in the second cultivation step. Reincorporation of the 3HB units produced from degradation of the first-step residual P(3HB) was confirmed by high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In order to synthesize 3HB-free poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(4HB)] homopolymer, a three-stage cultivation technique was developed by adding a nitrogen addition step, which completely removed the residual P(3HB). The resulting polymer was free of 3HB. However, when the strain was grown on gamma-butyrolactone as the sole carbon source in a synthesis medium, a copolyester of P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 45 mol% 3HB was produced. One-step cultivation on gamma-butyrolactone required a rather long induction time (3 to 4 days). On the basis of the results of an enzymatic study performed with crude extracts, we suggest that the inability of cells to produce 3HB in the multistep culture was due to a low level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HBA) dehydrogenase activity, which resulted in a low level of acetyl coenzyme A. Thus, 3HB formation from gamma-butyrolactone is driven by a high level of 4HBA dehydrogenase activity induced by long exposure to gamma-butyrolactone, as is the case for a one-step culture. In addition, intracellular degradation kinetics studies showed that P(3HB) in cells was completely degraded within 30 h of cultivation after being transferred to a carbon-free mineral medium containing additional ammonium sulfate, while P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 5 mol% 3HB and 95 mol% 4HB was totally inert in interactions with the intracellular depolymerases. Intracellular inertness could be a useful factor for efficient synthesis of the P(4HB) homopolymer and of 4HB-rich P(3HB-co-4HB) by the strain used in this study.  (+info)

Promotion of antibiotic production by high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or heat shock in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. (7/836)

A stress imposed by a continuous feed of high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or a high temperature shock increased antibiotic production by several times in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. A tentative bioassay showed that the stress caused about 40-fold elevation in the autoinducer activity. Addition of synthetic autoinducers, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone at a concentration of more than 100 micrograms/l to a non-stressed culture also increased the antibiotic production by several times. These results suggested that the antibiotic production in P. fluorescens S272 was regulated by N-acyl-homoserine lactone and the promotive effect by stress occurred through any function that increased the autoinducer production.  (+info)

Acyl homoserine-lactone quorum-sensing signal generation. (8/836)

Acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorum-sensing control of gene expression. These signals are synthesized by members of the LuxI family of proteins. To understand the mechanism of acyl-HSL synthesis we have purified the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI protein and analyzed the kinetics of acyl-HSL synthesis by this enzyme. Purified RhlI catalyzes the synthesis of acyl-HSLs from acyl-acyl carrier proteins and S-adenosylmethionine. An analysis of the patterns of product inhibition indicated that RhlI catalyzes signal synthesis by a sequential, ordered reaction mechanism in which S-adenosylmethionine binds to RhlI as the initial step in the enzymatic mechanism. Because pathogenic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa use acyl-HSL signals to regulate virulence genes, an understanding of the mechanism of signal synthesis and identification of inhibitors of signal synthesis has implications for development of quorum sensing-targeted antivirulence molecules.  (+info)

4-Butyrolactone, also known as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or 1,4-butanolide, is a chemical compound with the formula C4H6O2. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used in various industrial and commercial applications, including as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, as a solvent, and as a flavoring agent.

In the medical field, 4-butyrolactone has been studied for its potential use as a sleep aid and muscle relaxant. However, it is not currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for these uses. It is also known to have abuse potential and can cause intoxication, sedation, and other central nervous system effects when ingested or inhaled.

It's important to note that 4-butyrolactone is not a medication and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional for approved medical purposes.

Butyrophenones are a group of synthetic antipsychotic drugs that are primarily used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They act as dopamine receptor antagonists, which means they block the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with mood, motivation, and pleasure.

Some examples of butyrophenones include haloperidol, droperidol, and benperidol. These drugs are known for their potent antipsychotic effects and can also be used to manage agitation, aggression, and other behavioral disturbances in patients with various psychiatric and neurological disorders.

In addition to their antipsychotic properties, butyrophenones have been used off-label for their sedative and analgesic effects. However, they are associated with a range of side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as involuntary muscle spasms and tremors, as well as other neurological and cardiovascular adverse reactions. Therefore, their use is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective or contraindicated.

Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their complex morphology, forming branching filaments called hyphae that can differentiate into long chains of spores.

Streptomyces species are particularly notable for their ability to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, antifungals, and other therapeutic compounds. In fact, many important antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are derived from Streptomyces species.

Because of their industrial importance in the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, Streptomyces have been extensively studied and are considered model organisms for the study of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and ecology.

Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of cell biology and cancer research. MPF refers to a complex of two proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, specifically during the transition from the G2 phase to mitosis (M phase).

MPF is composed of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) and a regulatory subunit called cyclin B. During the late G2 phase, the levels of cyclin B increase, which leads to the activation of CDK1. Once activated, MPF triggers a series of events that promote mitosis, including chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and spindle formation.

In summary, Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is a protein complex made up of CDK1 and cyclin B, which regulates the transition from the G2 phase to mitosis during the cell cycle.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle, transcription, and other cellular processes. They are activated by binding to cyclin proteins, which accumulate and degrade at specific stages of the cell cycle. The activation of CDKs leads to phosphorylation of various downstream target proteins, resulting in the promotion or inhibition of different cell cycle events. Dysregulation of CDKs has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, and they are considered important targets for drug development.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is a key process in sexual reproduction, where it generates gametes or sex cells (sperm and eggs).

The process of meiosis involves one round of DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair, form chiasma and exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate from each other. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, leading to the formation of four haploid cells. This process ensures genetic diversity in offspring by shuffling and recombining genetic information during the formation of gametes.

Enzyme inhibitors are substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity, preventing it from catalyzing a chemical reaction in the body. They can work by several mechanisms, including blocking the active site where the substrate binds, or binding to another site on the enzyme to change its shape and prevent substrate binding. Enzyme inhibitors are often used as drugs to treat various medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and bacterial infections. They can also be found naturally in some foods and plants, and can be used in research to understand enzyme function and regulation.

An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.

Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant, which is a sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate monosodium salt or sodium GHB. Sodium oxybate is used in the medical field for the treatment of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone). It is sold under the brand name Xyrem.

Sodium oxybate works by affecting the neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness. The medication is available only through a restricted distribution program due to its potential for abuse and dependence. It is usually taken at night in two doses, one at bedtime and the other about 2.5 to 4 hours later.

It's important to note that sodium oxybate has a high potential for misuse and addiction, and it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Benzocycloheptenes are organic compounds that contain a benzene fused to a seven-membered carbocycle. In other words, it is a chemical structure consisting of a benzene ring (a cyclic compound made up of six carbon atoms joined by alternating double bonds) attached to a seven-membered saturated or unsaturated ring.

These compounds are found in various natural and synthetic substances and can have a range of biological activities. Some benzocycloheptenes have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety of these compounds.

Hydroxybutyrates are compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group. More specifically, in the context of clinical medicine and biochemistry, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is often referred to as a "ketone body."

Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during periods of low carbohydrate availability, such as during fasting, starvation, or a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. BHB is one of three major ketone bodies, along with acetoacetate and acetone. These molecules serve as alternative energy sources for the brain and other tissues when glucose levels are low.

In some pathological states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, the body produces excessive amounts of ketone bodies, leading to a life-threatening metabolic acidosis. Elevated levels of BHB can also be found in other conditions like alcoholism, severe illnesses, and high-fat diets.

It is important to note that while BHB is a hydroxybutyrate, not all hydroxybutyrates are ketone bodies. The term "hydroxybutyrates" can refer to any compound containing both a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group.

Butylene glycols are a type of organic compounds that belong to the class of diols, which are chemical compounds containing two hydroxyl groups. Specifically, butylene glycols are composed of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl groups located on adjacent carbon atoms.

There are two isomeric forms of butylene glycol: 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol.

* 1,2-Butanediol (also known as 1,2-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and second carbon atoms of the chain. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
* 1,3-Butanediol (also known as 1,3-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and third carbon atoms of the chain. It is also a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.

Butylene glycols are generally considered to be safe for use in cosmetics and other consumer products, although they may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. They are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as polyesters and polyurethanes.

Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Specifically, SSDH catalyzes the conversion of succinic semialdehyde to succinate in the final step of the GABA degradation pathway. This enzyme plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of GABA levels in the brain and is therefore essential for normal neurological function. Deficiencies or mutations in SSDH can lead to neurological disorders, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and preventing excessive neuronal firing, which helps to maintain neural homeostasis and reduce the risk of seizures. GABA functions by binding to specific receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C) on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals.

In addition to its role in the central nervous system, GABA has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in regulating various physiological processes such as muscle relaxation, hormone secretion, and immune function.

GABA can be synthesized in neurons from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, through the action of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Once synthesized, GABA is stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synapse upon neuronal activation. After release, GABA can be taken up by surrounding glial cells or degraded by the enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) into succinic semialdehyde, which is further metabolized to form succinate and enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, modulating GABAergic signaling through pharmacological interventions or other therapeutic approaches may offer potential benefits for the treatment of these conditions.

... (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor ... Gamma-Butyrolactone is often referred to be used as a date rape drug. Frequent use of GHB or GBL, even when taken long-term and ... "Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) Pre-Review Report" (PDF). 4 June 2012. Van Cauter, E.; Plat, L.; Scharf, M. B.; Leproult, R.; ... γ-Butyrolactone is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol at a temperature of 180-300 °C and atmospheric ...
Both γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol are converted to GHB in the body. In January 2016, it was announced scientists ... Some prodrugs, such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL), convert to GHB in the stomach and blood stream. Other prodrugs exist, such as 1,4 ... Elliott S, Burgess V (July 2005). "The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in alcoholic ... γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol". Clinical Toxicology. 50 (6): 458-70. doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.702218. PMID 22746383. ...
Amide formation via reaction with gamma-butyrolactone completed the synthesis of embutramide (4). Elks J (14 November 2014). ... 31 (4): 319-20. PMID 2815545. Kintz P, Cirimele V, Ludes B (October 2002). "Blood investigation in a fatality involving the ... Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2017. Hellebrekers LJ, Baumans V, Bertens AP, Hartman W (July 1990). "[The use of ... 315-. ISBN 978-0-323-24198-4. US 3045043, Schmitt K, Henning I, Lindner E, Ott H, "New gamma-hydroxy-carboxylic acid amides and ...
... (ABL) is a derivative of γ-butyrolactone that is used as a precursor in organic synthesis, and it is used ... with butyrolactone in an alkaline solution. 2-Acetylbutyrolactone can also be prepared by reacting ethylene oxide with ethyl ... "Method for Preparing 2-Acetyl-y-Butyrolactone". United States Patent. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved March ... Ritanserin Risperidone Paliperidone Ocaperidone Seganserin Setoperone Novoldiamine (1-Diethylamino-4-aminopentane) [140-80-7] ...
Also a condensation analogous to acetalisation reaction is possible.: 83 An ethanediol derivate and γ-butyrolactone are ... 49 The epoxide cyclohexene oxide and the lactone γ-butyrolactone are reacting to the spiro orthoester spiro-7-9-dioxacyclo[4.3. ... Hsu, Ying-Gev; Wan, Yen-Shen (15 July 2009). "Cationic photopolymerization of cis-2,3-tetramethylene-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4,4] ... reacting to a derivate of 1,4,6-trioxa-spiro[4.4]nonane. The third possibility is using dibutyltin oxide and carbon disulfide ...
... γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) NIH National Toxicology Program Baird, Zachariah Steven; Uusi-Kyyny, Petri; Pokki, Juha-Pekka; Pedegert, ... 37 (4): 250-4. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt013. PMID 23486087. Fred Smith (31 December 2004). Handbook of Forensic Drug Analysis. ...
The degradation of the polymer chain sets free the initial diol and γ-butyrolactone, which is further hydrolyzed to 4- ... synthesized from γ-butyrolactone and triethylorthoformate). In polycondensation small molecules are formed (in this case of ... The 4-hydroxybutanoic acid formed is responsible for the locally lowered pH value upon polymer degradation. The commercial use ... 4, pp. 770-772, Bibcode:1997MaMol..30..770N, doi:10.1021/ma9610626 J. Heller; J. Barr (2004), "Poly(ortho esters) - from ...
August 2006). "Evaluation for the withdrawal syndrome from gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and 1,4- ... butanediol (1,4-BD) in different rat lines". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1074: 545-58. doi:10.1196/annals. ...
At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone. It is ... gamma-butyrolactone) as a Class C controlled substance. In Germany, the drug is not explicitly illegal, but might also be ... Butane-1,4-diol is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" ... Butane-1,4-diol was detected by GC-MS. The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic pentane ...
Shoji Hara, Akira Suzuk (1998). "Synthesis of 4-(2-Bromo-2-Propenyl)-4-Methyl-Y-Butyrolactone by the Reaction of Ethyl ...
"Improved thermosets obtained from cycloaliphatic epoxy resins and γ-butyrolactone with lanthanide triflates as initiators. I. ... 3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (ECC) is a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin which is used in many ... Record of 3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexancarboxylat in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for ... 4′-epoxycyclohexancarboxylate in photoinitiated cationic polymerizations". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry ...
4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol MeSH D03.438.079.800 - 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl ... 4,5-dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1h-pyrazol-3-amine MeSH D03.383.129.539.200 - epirizole MeSH D03.383.129.539.487 - ... 4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.312.649.290 - fanft MeSH D03.383.312.649.308 - furagin MeSH D03.383.312.649.313 - furazolidone MeSH ... 4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, methyl ester MeSH D03.383.725.210 - dimethindene MeSH D03.383. ...
4-Butanediol Baclofen GABA Gabamide GABOB gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid ( ... GHV) gamma-Valerolactone (GVL) Lesogaberan Phenibut 4-Fluorophenibut Picamilon Progabide SL-75102 Tolgabide ADX-71441 GABAA-ρ ...
The molecular formula C4H6O2 may refer to: 1,4-Butynediol Butyrolactones β-Butyrolactone γ-Butyrolactone Crotonic acid Diacetyl ... or butanedione Diepoxybutane 1,4-Dioxene Isocrotonic acid Methacrylic acid Methyl acrylate Succinaldehyde Vinyl acetate ...
... by using 3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone as a chiral synthon It is used as one of the monomers for manufacture of some polyesters ... 1,2,4-Butanetriol is also used as a precursor for two cholesterol-lowering drugs, Crestor and Zetia, which are derived from D-3 ... 1,2,4-Butanetriol is a clear or slightly yellow, odorless, hygroscopic, flammable, viscous liquid. It is an alcohol with three ... 1,2,4-Butanetriol can be prepared synthetically by several different methods such as hydroformylation of glycidol and ...
7-dione γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) γ-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (GHBAL) γ-Valerolactone (GVL) Aceturic acid Aceglutamide Ethyl acetoxy ... It is the acetyl ester of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB, which is 4-hydroxybutanoic acid), and based on its structural relation to ... Aceburic acid (INN), also known as 4-acetoxybutanoic acid or 4-hydroxybutyric acid acetate, is a drug described as an analgesic ... 1052-. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Dardoize F, Goasdoue C, Goasdoue N, Laborit HM, Topall G (1989-01-01). "4-Hydroxybutyric acid ( ...
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) acts as a prodrug to GHV, analogously to how γ-butyrolactone (GBL) is a prodrug to GHB. 1,4-Butanediol (1 ... 37 (4): 250-4. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt013. PMID 23486087. v t e (Drugs with non-standard legal status, ECHA InfoCard ID from ... γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV), also known as 4-methyl-GHB, is a designer drug related to γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is ... 4-BD) Aceburic acid Valerenic acid Valeric acid "GHB and Analogues: Fast Facts". National Drug Intelligence Center. January 1, ...
Gamma-Butyrolactone & Polyurethanes), And Segment Forecasts To 2020". Grand View Research. September 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-18 ... 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor. The automotive and electronics industries heavily ... This enzyme complex is a 4 subunit membrane-bound lipoprotein which couples the oxidation of succinate to the reduction of ... In humans, three HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases regulate the stability of HIFs. Hydroxylation of two prolyl residues in HIF1α ...
The AlCl3-catalyzed acylation of benzene with γ-butyrolactone produces 1-tetralone. 1-Tetralone can be reduced via a Birch ... 4-Phenylbutanoic acid can also be quantitatively converted into 1-tetralone by heating in the presence of a strong Lewis acid ... 4-Phenylbutanoic acid chlorides with electron-donating groups can be cyclized to 1-tetralones under mild reaction conditions in ... 4, pp. 249-266, doi:10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30111-0, PMC 3942903, PMID 24716140 H. Hock; W. Susemihl (1933), "Autoxydation von ...
It is synthesised by the reaction of gamma-butyrolactone and ethyl acetate with sodium ethoxide. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) 1,6- ... doi:10.1021/jf00016a014 常温下4-乙酰氧基丁酸乙酯的催化合成方法. 1994. CN1047589C v t e (Articles without InChI source, Articles without
Casey, Charles P.; Brunsvold, William R. (December 1975). "Synthesis of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone via transition metal ...
The formation of a thermodynamically stable gamma-butyrolactone as a co-product drives the reaction to completion while ... ChemCatChem 6 (4):973-976. doi:10.1002/cctc.201300841 Zuhse R, Leggewie C, Hollmann F, Kara S (2015) Scaling-Up of "Smart ... The use of 1,4-butanediol as an intelligent cosubstrate has also been validated in non-aqueous media using a commercial ADH. ... The use of 1,4-butanediol as a smart cosubstrate for cofactor regeneration was the next step towards more sustainable redox ...
... phenylethyl alcohol and gamma-butyrolactone, secondary products of alcoholic fermentation". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des ... 79 (4): 283-88. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1973.tb03541.x. Ribéreau-Gayon, P.; Sapis, J. C. (2019). "On the presence in wine of ...
... phenylethyl alcohol and gamma-butyrolactone, secondary products of alcoholic fermentation". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des ... 79 (4): 283-288. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1973.tb03541.x. Ribéreau-Gayon, P.; Sapis, J. C. (1965). "On the presence in wine of ... Roger Protz (4 December 2004). "The Complete Guide to World Beer". Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 21 ... In Belgium, some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%-4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks ...
A comparative study of human and animal sensitivity to alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone and derivatives". The British ... 66 (4): 186-9. doi:10.1080/09674845.2009.11730271. PMID 20095126. Stampf, J (August 1978). "Allergic contact dermatitis due to ...
Condensation of this β-keto lactone can be visualized to involve initial attack on the reactive butyrolactone by the primary ... 117-. ISBN 978-0-8247-5660-4. Paiva T, Arriaga F, Wauquier A, Lara E, Largo R, Leitao JN (1988). "Effects of ritanserin on ... 378 (1): 164-8. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90299-4. PMID 3091188. S2CID 43604995. Olmez I, Love S, Xiao A, Manigat L, Randolph P ... 4). Halogenation of the terminal alcohol with phosphorus oxychloride then yields 6-(2-chloroethyl)- 7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a] ...
Kinoshita, H; Ipposhi, H; Okamoto, S; Nakano, H; Nihira, T; Yamada, Y (November 1997). "Butyrolactone autoregulator receptor ... 155 (Pt 4): 1250-9. doi:10.1099/mic.0.022467-0. PMID 19332826. Hopwood, David A. (2007). Streptomyces in nature and medicine : ... ISBN 978-4-431-54607-8. List of Streptomyces species "LPSN bacterio.net". Straininfo of Streptomyces virginiae "UniProt". www. ... ISBN 3-642-75617-4. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Atta-ur- ...
A-factor type γ-butyrolactone 1′-reductase (1S-forming) EC 1.1.1.414: L-galactonate 5-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.415: noscapine ... EC 1.14.13.141: Now EC 1.14.15.29, cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.13.142 ... 4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing] * *No Wikipedia article EC 1.3.2.1: now EC 1.3.99.2 EC 1.3.2.2: now EC 1.3. ... 4-chlorinase * *No Wikipedia article EC 1.14.21.1: Now EC 1.14.19.64, (S)-stylopine synthase EC 1.14.21.2: Now EC 1.14.19.65, ( ...
... and abyssomicins possess the β-keto-γ-butyrolactone motif of tetronic acid. In organic synthesis, it is used as a precursor for ... 2,4(3H,5H)-Furandione: Heteroannulations with aromatic o-amino carbonyl compounds and condensations with some vic-polyones". ... 5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone "2,4(3H,5H)-Furandione". Sigma-Aldrich. Abdou, Moaz M.; El-Saeed, Rasha A.; Abozeid, Mohamed A.; ... 12 (4): 464-475. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.004. Georgiadis, Dimitris; Zografos, Alexandros (2006). "Synthetic Strategies ...
... metabolised into GHB by ADH and ALDH γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) - metabolised into GHB by paraoxonase γ-Valerolactone (GVL) - ... 37 (4): 250-4. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt013. PMID 23486087. Høg S, Wellendorph P, Nielsen B, Frydenvang K, Dahl IF, Bräuner-Osborne H ... 3-Hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid (HOCPCA) 4-(p-Chlorobenzyl)-GHB Aceburic acid γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) γ- ... Poldrugo F, Snead OC (January 1984). "1,4 Butanediol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol: relationships and interactions". ...
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Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor ... Gamma-Butyrolactone is often referred to be used as a date rape drug. Frequent use of GHB or GBL, even when taken long-term and ... "Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) Pre-Review Report" (PDF). 4 June 2012. Van Cauter, E.; Plat, L.; Scharf, M. B.; Leproult, R.; ... γ-Butyrolactone is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol at a temperature of 180-300 °C and atmospheric ...
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The in vitro antimicrobial activity of compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 was examined and evaluated against the following pathogens: ... 4, 5, and 9, and their potential antimicrobial nature and ability. The structures of all the compounds mentioned above were ... This paper examines the synthesis of \gamma-butyrolactone compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9, and their potential antimicrobial nature ... The in vitro antimicrobial activity of compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 was examined and evaluated against the following pathogens: ...
Butyrolactone (C4H6O2). *Hexane, 2-methyl- (C7H16) ... Benzene, 1,4-dichloro- (C6H4Cl2). *Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- (C2H4 ... Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1α,4β,5α)]- (C10H16O) ...
4 and 6B. ) (with one or more of the carbon dioxide sensor. 90, the oxygen sensor. 92, and the mass flow sensor 94 of FIG. 6B. ... 4. , a reverse side of the molded body. 22 is shown and, in the illustrated embodiment, includes a microphone. 40 so that the ... 4. is an elevation view of a revise side of a molded body of the oxygen mask system of FIG. 3. . ... 4. The method of claim 3. , wherein the previous amount is an average concentration measured during a time window ranging from ...
4-carbon compound with a structure similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GHB is described as a neurotransmitter and a ... Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Mégarbane B. The clinical toxicology of γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4- ... Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK ... GHB is manufactured readily from its precursor, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). GBL is a solvent found in floor cleaning products, ...
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gamma-BUTYROLACTONE. ICSC. : 1020 (May 2018). 1,4-Butanolide. Butyric acid lactone. Tetrahydro-2-furanone. Dihydro-2(3H)- ... Formula: C4H6O2. Molecular mass: 86.1 Boiling point: 204°C Melting point: -44°C Relative density (water = 1): 1.13 (20°C). ...
Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL). * 4.2.1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities. ... by Technology (Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL), Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)) and by Application (Polyester Plasticizers, Industry ... Gamma-butyrolactone). Butanediol demand is expected to rise in the future due to a shortage of local manufacturing units and ... and several derivative products such as gamma Butyrolactone, n-methyl-pyrrolidone and 2 pyrrolidone. The increases apply to ...
GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE. C4 H6 O2. YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Interactions *Focus chain G [auth A] ... 4 times weaker affinity than CaM-C. Pulldown assays of a Orai1-CMBD(W76E) mutant, gel filtration chromatography data, and NOE ...
GHB and two similar substances, gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (BD) have been linked to poisonings, overdoses, ... GHB and two similar substances, gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (BD) have been linked to poisonings, overdoses, ...
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  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • gamma-Butyrolactone, -Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquidwith a weak characteristic. (alphabayurls.com)
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  • There are typically three specific 'chems' (drugs) involved: Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), Mephedrone (Meth), GHB and GBL (G). It is mainly used as an intermediate in the GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is buy gbl cleaner, how to clean the alloy wheels, alloy wheel cleaner used drug. (alphabayurls.com)
  • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring, 4-carbon compound with a structure similar to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (medscape.com)
  • Butyrolactone is principally a precursor to other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • GHB is manufactured readily from its precursor, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). (medscape.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are precursor chemicals that are rapidly converted (half-life approximately 1min) to the intoxicant gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) when ingested into the human body. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiology of P4HB synthesis, and to reduce the total production cost by using cheap and widely available xylose as the growth substrate and sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate (Na-4HB) as the precursor for P4HB synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Butyrolactone, with its wide liquid range, chemical stability, and high dielectric constant, is used in electrolytic capacitors as the organic solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Usage: r-butyrolactone is one kind of important fine chemicalintermediate, simultaneously also is one kind of performance fine highboiling point solvent, ideal antioxidant, plasticizer,extracting agent, absorbent, dispersing agent, solid stain, Coagulation Reagent. (curepharmas.com)
  • GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is used, among other things, as a solvent for polymers, including acrylic fibre, cellulose acetate and polystyrene, as thinner in nail polish remover, paint strippers and adhesives (such as instant glue or super glue). (chemglobalexport.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone is also a solvent in electrolytic capacitors. (chemglobalexport.com)
  • γ-Butyrolactone is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol at a temperature of 180-300 °C and atmospheric pressure in the presence of a copper catalyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • whereas the related compound 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B) tends to be slightly less potent and slower to take effect but longer-acting than GHB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Public health measures to inform young people of the risks of GHB and governmental restrictions on the sale of GHB and its precursors (GBL and 1,4-butanediol [1,4-BD]) have been helpful in promoting this decrease. (medscape.com)
  • 1,4 Butanediol known as BD is a primary alcohol as well as an organic compound that is used in the manufacturing of many industrial applications such as plastics, pesticides, medicine, solvents, makeup and others. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • The formula for 1,4 Butanediol is HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.The worldwide use of 1,4 Butanediol for Industrial and medicinal manufacturing are the factors that drives the 1,4 Butanediol Market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • In tiny doses, 1,4-butanediol is harmless. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • 1,4 Butanediol, extensively used for the manufacturing of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) has suffered immensely because demand for polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was drastically affected, due to the downfall of the automotive industry. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • Due to COVID-19, the global 1,4 butanediol market was negatively impacted. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • thus, COVID-19 is one the top factors that impacted the 1,4 butanediol market greatly. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • Ashland is increasing prices on 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) and several derivative products such as gamma Butyrolactone, n-methyl-pyrrolidone and 2 pyrrolidone. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • The production factory for 1,4 Butanediol in Chiba, Japan, will be shut down by a joint venture between BASF and Idemitsu. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) in Chiba, Japan. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • The global 1,4 butanediol market is expected to witness a boom in the following few years owing to increase in its demand across the globe. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • Many countries such as India, Japan, and China, have decided to take new initiatives for the automotive industry, which is expected to lead to a favorable situation for the 1,4 Butanediol market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • This study presents the analytical depiction of the 1,4-butanediol industry along with the current trends and future estimations to determine the imminent investment pockets. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • The report presents information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities along with detailed analysis of the 1,4 Butanediol market share. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • GHB and two similar substances, gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (BD) have been linked to poisonings, overdoses, date rapes, and deaths. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Much of what is understood regarding gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) treatment is based on hospital case studies for overdose and withdrawal, and there are currently no measures developed specifically for GHB or its analogs (e.g., gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol) to assess drug effect expectancies, reasons for starting use, withdrawal effects, and knowledge and opinions about use. (erowid.org)
  • Ingredients in GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol, can also be converted by the body into GHB. (emsaonline.com)
  • GB (with its like chemical 1,4-butanediol - known as 1,4-BD) are Class C controlled drugs. (knowthescore.info)
  • On January 27, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested comments on a recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to classify two common industrial solvents - gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) - as psychotropic substances under Schedule I of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. (bdlaw.com)
  • The Home Office will also bring forward legislation around two substances that can be converted to GHB on ingestion - gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). (policeprofessional.com)
  • Gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol are chemical precursors of GHB. (emdocs.net)
  • The regulations only concern gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • It is the simplest 4-carbon lactone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three sesquiterpene lactone compounds, 2 α ,5 α -dihydroxy-11 α H-eudesma-4(15)-en-12,8 β -olide ( 1 ), telekin ( 2 ), oxoeudesm-11(13)-eno-12,8 α -lactone ( 3 ) were obtained. (researchsquare.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone is an organic compound, more specifically a lactone, with the gross formula C4H6O2. (chemglobalexport.com)
  • If you want to print non-editable, skip to step 4. (caipm.org)
  • As GBL and 1,4-BD are chemicals used in industry they will continue to be available for legitimate use. (knowthescore.info)
  • To bypass GHB restriction laws, home synthesis kits were introduced to transform GBL and/or 1,4-B into GHB. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of \\\\gamma-Butyrolactone De" by SLOBODAN SUKDOLAK, SLAVICA SOLUJIC-SUKDOLAK et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • This paper examines the synthesis of \gamma-butyrolactone compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9, and their potential antimicrobial nature and ability. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • It is claimed that poly(GBL) is competitive with commercial biomaterial poly(4-hydroxybutyrate), or P4HB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB), belonging to the family of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), is a strong, flexible and absorbable material which has a large variety of medical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among them, poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) is a highly interesting polymer for various biomedical applications [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By K Rochford 2022 Cited by 4 It was observed that the concentrations of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) Drugs were applied for 13 min with a ValveLink 8 perfusion system. (alphabayurls.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone is an excipient for the painting of textile fibres and polymerisation initiator and is suitable for many applications. (chemglobalexport.com)
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and behavioral impairment in rodents. (researchgate.net)
  • The effects typically last up to 4 hours, depending on the dosage. (emsaonline.com)
  • These compounds then may go on to form the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gbl drug wiki Media in category "Gamma-butyrolactone" CBP Officers in Jacksonville Seize "Date Rape" Drug Ingredient. (alphabayurls.com)
  • Exceptions to the requirement for a permit apply to the person who handles mixtures containing GBL and/or 1,4-BD for industrial or scientific purposes and who meets the demands of the exception to the requirement for a permit in accordance with 2 § of the regulations. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • It is estimated that ACD affects early product development, these tools are a significant proportion of the general population based largely on the theoretical predictions of (approximately 1%) (4, 5). (cdc.gov)
  • Buy GBL (Gamma butyrolactone) Wheel Clea, transportation type: Open. (collectioncar.com)
  • Clonidine 0.1-0.2 mg every 4-8 hours also decreases the severity of symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone, is a hygroscopic colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless liquid with a weak characteristic odor. (thorpharmaceuticals.com)
  • butyrolactone is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a weak characteristic odor and is soluble in water. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
  • Physically, 1,4 Butyleneglycol is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a barely noticeable characteristic odor. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • The ring-opening polymerization of butyrolactone gives polybutyrolactone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In primary conditions, such as when immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution, γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, which is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. (researchem.net)
  • G is the name given to the drugs GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) and GBL (gamma butyrolactone). (bigdarknetdrugmarket.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) ( figure 1 ), a prodrug of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), is increasingly being used as a recreational drug as it is cheap, easily available and has relaxant and sexual effects. (njmonline.nl)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol's used as a source of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a recreational drug with euphoric and sedative effects. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • We are specialised in the sale of Gamma-Butyrolactone(GBL) and Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate(GHB). (gblmagic.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as γ-butyrolactone, is a colourless liquid that readily absorbs moisture from the air and has a faint, distinct odour. (researchem.net)
  • 4-hydroxybutyric gbl drug wiki colourless liquid used as a solvent or reagent in various industrial uses, as well as a recreational drug. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
  • These alcohol substitutions make 1,4 Butyleneglycol a polar liquid, which explains 1,4 Butyleneglycol good solubility in water. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol occurs as a thick, colorless liquid or solid depending on storage temperature (melting point of 16 ℃), and has a distinct bitter-sweet taste. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • In laboratory settings, an alternative method for obtaining γ-Butyrolactone is through the oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF), for instance, using aqueous sodium bromate. (researchem.net)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol's largest use is within tetrahydrofuran (THF) production, used to make polytetramethylene ether glycol, which goes mainly into spandex fibers, urethane elastomers, and copolyester ethers. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • GBL and 1,4-BD are industrial solvents, and like other abused solvents, their supply is difficult to control. (nih.gov)
  • BDO and 1,4 Butyleneglycol's derivatives are widely used for producing plastics, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibers. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Analyses of THF-C 60 and THF-water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry did not detect THF but found THF oxidation products γ-butyrolactone and tetrahydro-2-furanol. (nih.gov)
  • Three male mice and one female receiving 1,050 mg/kg died from g -butyrolactone toxicity during the studies. (nih.gov)
  • Toxicity of γ-butyrolactone (72-hr lethal concentration predicted to kill 50% was 47 ppm) indicated effects in THF treatments can result from γ-butyrolactone toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • This research is the first to link toxic effects directly to a THF degradation product (γ-butyrolactone) rather than to C 60 and may explain toxicity attributed to C 60 in other investigations. (nih.gov)
  • g -Butyrolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of polymers used as film formers in hair sprays, blood plasma extenders, and clarifying agents in beer and wine. (nih.gov)
  • 4 grams to 14 grams = 3 year minimum mandatory sentence. (rubinolaw.com)
  • 1 , 2 4,4'-DMAR is a less common alternative to 4-methylaminorex, although the latter is an internationally controlled substance. (3mmcbuy4mmc.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) has gained attention for its potential to increase the secretion of sleep-related growth hormone (GH) as it serves as a prodrug of GHB. (researchem.net)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol (also known as 1,4-B, BDO, BD or 1,4-BD) is a depressant substance and a prodrug for GHB. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • In thermoplastic urethane elastomers, 1,4-BDO yields crystalline urethane domains which readily melt and flow at elevated temperatures but phase separate at ambient temperatures in order to yield tough elastometric networks. (welinkschem.com)
  • 1,4-BDO yields polyesters with excellent adhesive and cohesive strength. (welinkschem.com)
  • It is mainly used as an intermediate in the GBL or Gamma-butyrolactone is buy gbl cleaner, how to clean the alloy wheels, alloy wheel cleaner used drug. (getdarknetdrugmarket.com)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol is a high-quality intermediate. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • 1,4-BDO is used to manufacture polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), thermoplastic copolyester elastomers or as a component of polyesters or as a chain extender in polyurethanes. (welinkschem.com)
  • Gamma-butyrolactone is an excipient for the painting of textile fibres and polymerisation initiator and is suitable for many applications. (thorpharmaceuticals.com)
  • Cast urethane elastomers continue to be a major end use of 1,4-BDO because of overall consistency and reliability. (welinkschem.com)
  • On October 31, 1998, a 24-year-old man (patient 4) and a 26-year- old man (patient 5) each drank 10-13 oz of Revivarant while drinking alcohol at a bar. (cdc.gov)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol is comprised of a butane chain of four carbon groups with an alcohol group bound to each terminal carbon of this chain. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol is named for these alcohol substitutions, which are located at R1 and R4. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • 1,4-BDO is a key component of copolyesters of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid used in hot melt adhesive applications. (welinkschem.com)
  • Bioassay-guided fractionations of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract against α-glucosidase and DPPH free radical to give four isolated compounds: oleic acid ( 1 ), ergosterol ( 2 ), butyrolactone I ( 3 ), and butyrolactone II ( 4 ). (ugm.ac.id)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol is used as a cross-linking agent for thermoplastic urethanes, polyester plasticizers, paints and coatings. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Also, the 1,4-BDO/MDI systems provide a lower exposure hazard than MOCA/TDI systems. (welinkschem.com)
  • however, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has declared 1,4-BD a Class I Health Hazard. (nih.gov)
  • These compounds then may go on to form the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) as well as the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (wikipedia.org)
  • These compounds can subsequently contribute to the formation of the polymer poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) and the dimer 1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione. (researchem.net)
  • 1,4 Butyleneglycol is classified as a subclass of alcoholic compounds called diols. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • BETA-BUTYROLACTONE is hydrolyzed by water and aqueous alkali. (chemicalbook.com)