Differential response to different stimuli.

The branch of psychology concerned with psychological methods of recognizing and treating behavior disorders.

The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.

The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.

Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.

The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.

A preconceived judgment made without factual basis.

Group behavior toward others by virtue of their group membership.

The branch of psychology concerned with similarities or differences in the behavior of different animal species or of different races or peoples.

The ability to differentiate tones.

The branch of psychology which seeks to learn more about the fundamental causes of behavior by studying various psychologic phenomena in controlled experimental situations.

The branch of psychology concerned with psychological aspects of teaching and the formal learning process in school.

A branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. It differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders.

The branch of applied psychology concerned with the application of psychologic principles and methods to industrial problems including selection and training of workers, working conditions, etc.

Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Differential treatment or unequal access to opportunities, based on group membership such as origin or ethnicity.

The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

The combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.

Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior.

Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Ecological and environmental entities, characteristics, properties, relationships and processes.

The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.

Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.

A system which emphasizes that experience and behavior contain basic patterns and relationships which cannot be reduced to simpler components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Those forces and content of the mind which are not ordinarily available to conscious awareness or to immediate recall.

A psychologic theory, developed by John Broadus Watson, concerned with studying and measuring behaviors that are observable.

Research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)

The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.

The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.

The process by which an emotional or behavioral response that is appropriate for one situation appears in another situation for which it is inappropriate.

A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)

The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.

Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

Psychoanalytic theory focusing on interpretation of behavior in reference to self. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Terms, 1994) This elaboration of the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and the self, was developed by Heinz Kohut, and stresses the importance of the self-awareness of excessive needs for approval and self-gratification.

The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

The branch of applied psychology concerned with psychological aspects of selection, assignment, training, morale, etc., of Armed Forces personnel.

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The science which utilizes psychologic principles to derive more effective means in dealing with practical problems.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

Cultural contacts between people of different races.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

A relational pattern in which a person attempts to derive a sense of purpose through relationships with others.

Family in the order COLUMBIFORMES, comprised of pigeons or doves. They are BIRDS with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. Some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable.

The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.

The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.

Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.

The period from about 5 to 7 years to adolescence when there is an apparent cessation of psychosexual development.

Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

The tendency to react to stimuli that are different from, but somewhat similar to, the stimulus used as a conditioned stimulus.

The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.

Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).

A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)

Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).

The study of the structure, growth, activities, and functions of NEURONS and the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.

A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)

A state in which attention is largely directed inward upon one's self.

In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.

An oversimplified perception or conception especially of persons, social groups, etc.

A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.

A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.

Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.

The branch of psychology which investigates the psychology of crime with particular reference to the personality factors of the criminal.

The principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality.

The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.

Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.

A process by which an individual unconsciously endeavors to pattern himself after another. This process is also important in the development of the personality, particularly the superego or conscience, which is modeled largely on the behavior of adult significant others.

A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.

The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.

Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.

Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy.

Type of vision test used to determine COLOR VISION DEFECTS.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Dissertations embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view, e.g., substantial papers written by candidates for an academic degree under the individual direction of a professor or papers written by undergraduates desirous of achieving honors or distinction.

The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.

Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The strengthening of a conditioned response.

The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.

The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.

The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.

The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.

Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.

The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.

Strong desires to accomplish something. This usually pertains to greater values or high ideals.

Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.

The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.

Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.

Use for general articles concerning nursing education.

Standards of conduct that distinguish right from wrong.

Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.

A return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behavior, or stage of functioning, e.g., feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994).

The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.

Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology.

Principles, models, and laws that apply to complex interrelationships and interdependencies of sets of linked components which form a functioning whole, a system. Any system may be composed of components which are systems in their own right (sub-systems), such as several organs within an individual organism.

Readiness to think or respond in a predetermined way when confronted with a problem or stimulus situation.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.

A theoretical technique utilizing a group of related constructs to describe or prescribe how individuals or groups of people choose a course of action when faced with several alternatives and a variable amount of knowledge about the determinants of the outcomes of those alternatives.

The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.

The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.

The body of truths or facts accumulated in the course of time, the cumulated sum of information, its volume and nature, in any civilization, period, or country.

A particular kind of learning characterized by occurrence in very early life, rapidity of acquisition, and relative insusceptibility to forgetting or extinction. Imprinted behavior includes most (or all) behavior commonly called instinctive, but imprinting is used purely descriptively.

The unconscious transfer to others (including psychotherapists) of feelings and attitudes which were originally associated with important figures (parents, siblings, etc.) in one's early life.

Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.

A perceived attribute that is deeply discrediting and is considered to be a violation of social norms.

The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A principle that learning is facilitated when the learner receives immediate evaluation of learning performance. The concept also hypothesizes that learning is facilitated when the learner is promptly informed whether a response is correct, and, if incorrect, of the direction of error.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

The sensory interpretation of the dimensions of objects.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

A book is not a medical term, but generally refers to a set of printed or written sheets of paper bound together that can contain a wide range of information including literature, research, educational content, and more, which may be utilized in the medical field for various purposes such as learning, reference, or patient education.

The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Refusal to admit the truth or reality of a situation or experience.

The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.

Conscious or unconscious emotional reaction of the therapist to the patient which may interfere with treatment. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system.

The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

A person's view of himself.

Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.

The human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors.

The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.

Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

Perception of three-dimensionality.

The process by which the nature and meaning of tactile stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain, such as realizing the characteristics or name of an object being touched.

The state wherein the person is well adjusted.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.

Function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). Photopic vision is performed by the three types of RETINAL CONE PHOTORECEPTORS with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm).

Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

Excusing or pardoning for an offense or release of anger or resentment.

Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedures, or strategies.

The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.

The process by which an aspect of self image is developed based on in-group preference or ethnocentrism and a perception of belonging to a social or cultural group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.

The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.

The individual's experience of a sense of fulfillment of a need or want and the quality or state of being satisfied.

A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.

The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)

Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.

The educational process of instructing.

Consideration and concern for others, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence.

Occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians, and are qualified by special training and, frequently, by licensure to work in supporting roles in the health care field. These occupations include, but are not limited to, medical technology, physical therapy, physician assistant, etc.

An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.

The study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental methods, of actual practices or the actual impact of practices or policies.

The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.

The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.

Acquired or learned responses which are regularly manifested.

Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations.

The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.

A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.

The ability to generate new ideas or images.